{"id":726,"date":"2018-02-10T11:13:48","date_gmt":"2018-02-10T11:13:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/?p=726"},"modified":"2018-02-11T16:35:54","modified_gmt":"2018-02-11T16:35:54","slug":"%e8%8f%af%e5%8c%97%e9%a5%91%e8%8d%92-1920-21","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/zh-TW\/%e8%8f%af%e5%8c%97%e9%a5%91%e8%8d%92-1920-21","title":{"rendered":"\u83ef\u5317\u9951\u8352, 1920-21"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/north-china-famine-1920-21\">English<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5f9e1919\u5e74\u590f\u5929\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u4e94\u500b\u7701\u4efd\u6301\u7e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u500b\u6708\u6c92\u6709\u964d\u96e8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f15\u767c\u4e2d\u570b\u81ea1870\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u4f86\u6700\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u7ce7\u98df\u5371\u6a5f\u3002\u9951\u8352\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u5730\u7406\u5340\u57df\uff0c\u82071876 &#8211; 79\u5e74\u7684\u83ef\u5317\u9951\u8352\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u540c\u30021920\u5e74\u81f31921\u5e74\u7684\u51ac\u5929\uff0c\u6b64\u6b21\u9951\u8352\u5a01\u8105\u76f4\u96b8\u3001\u6cb3\u5357\u3001\u5c71\u6771\u3001\u5c71\u897f\u3001\u965d\u897f\u7b49\u5730\u7684\u4e8c\u5343\u842c\u81f3\u4e09\u5343\u842c\u7684\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c45\u6c11\u3002<!--more--> \u96d6\u7136\u9019\u5834\u5371\u6a5f\uff0c\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u6c11\u570b\u8ecd\u95a5\u6642\u671f\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e2d\u570b\u81ea1920\u5e74\u590f\u5929\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u5c31\u52d5\u54e1\u4e86\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u6551\u707d\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u96a8\u8457\u8a72\u5e74\u5e74\u5c3e\u767c\u8d77\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u570b\u969b\u6551\u63f4\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u5230\u4e861921\u5e74\uff0c\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u5340\u6062\u5fa9\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u6625\u5b63\u6536\u6210\uff0c\u4f30\u8a08\u8207\u9951\u8352\u6709\u95dc\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6578\u88ab\u9650\u7e2e\u81f350\u842c\u4ee5\u5167\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u6210\u56e0<\/h2>\n<p>\u9951\u8352\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u50ac\u5316\u5291\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u65bc1920\u5e74\u79cb\u6536\u4e2d\u4e09\u767e\u591a\u500b\u9109\u93ae\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u6b49\u6536\u6216\u5b8c\u5168\u6b49\u6536\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e7e\u65f1\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6f5b\u5728\u56e0\u7d20\u4f7f\u5f97\u65f1\u707d\u5c0e\u81f4\u6578\u767e\u842c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u98e2\u9913\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u504f\u9060\u800c\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\u8fb2\u6751\u5730\u5340\u6975\u5ea6\u8ca7\u56f0\u3001\u4ea4\u901a\u904b\u8f38\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u8a2d\u65bd\u6709\u9650\u3001\u8870\u5f31\u4e14\u7d93\u8cbb\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u751f\u614b\u7834\u58de\u800c\u6613\u60a3\u6c34\u707d\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u4f7f\u707d\u5340\u7684\u6536\u5165\u4f86\u6e90\u8870\u9000\u30021920\u5e74\u4e03\u6708\u7684\u5b89\u5fbd\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u4e09\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3e\u5225\u7684\u90e8\u968a\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u5468\u908a\u5730\u5340\u9032\u884c\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5317\u65b9\u5404\u5730\u8ddf\u8457\u767c\u751f\u6b49\u6536\u3002\u6230\u722d\u6301\u7e8c\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u5317\u65b9\u5404\u5730\u7684\u88dc\u7d66\u8def\u7dda\u88ab\u4e2d\u65b7\uff0c\u8fb2\u4f5c\u7269\u53d7\u640d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u4ee5\u5357\u5341\u5e7e\u500b\u9109\u93ae\u88ab\u6436\u52ab;\u96d6\u7136\u70ba\u6642\u77ed\u66ab\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c40\u9650\u65bc\u5317\u4eac\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u5c11\u6578\u9109\u93ae\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u70ba\u671f\u5341\u5929\u7684\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u537b\u672a\u80fd\u8aaa\u660e\u9019\u500b\u5f71\u97ff\u5317\u65b9\u4e94\u7701\u6578\u5343\u842c\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u7ce7\u98df\u5371\u6a5f\u3002<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_196\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 898 px\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-196\" src=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1920\/09\/map-Shanghai-newspaper-five-province-North-China-drought-famine-1920.jpg\" alt=\"map Shanghai newspaper five-province North China drought famine 1920\" width=\"888\" height=\"912\" srcset=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1920\/09\/map-Shanghai-newspaper-five-province-North-China-drought-famine-1920.jpg 888w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1920\/09\/map-Shanghai-newspaper-five-province-North-China-drought-famine-1920-243x250.jpg 243w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1920\/09\/map-Shanghai-newspaper-five-province-North-China-drought-famine-1920-779x800.jpg 779w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1920\/09\/map-Shanghai-newspaper-five-province-North-China-drought-famine-1920-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 888px) 100vw, 888px\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u4e0a\u6d77\u5831\u7d19\u4e0a\u7684\u5730\u5716\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e86\u4e2d\u570b\u83ef\u5317\u4e94\u7701\u7684\u9951\u8352\uff08\u6a6b\u7dda\u8986\u84cb\u5168\u90e8\u53d7\u5f71\u97ff\u7701\u4efd\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u53d7\u707d\u5730\u5340\uff09\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u4e2d\u5357\u90e8\u53d7\u58eb\u5175\u8e42\u8eaa\u7684\u5340\u57df\uff08\u5782\u76f4\u7dda\u6240\u986f\u793a\u7684\u56db\u5ddd\uff0c\u6e56\u5357\uff0c\u5ee3\u6771\uff09\u548c\u6d59\u6c5f\u6771\u90e8\u6cbf\u6d77\u5730\u5340\u7684\u6c34\u60a3\u3002<\/p><p class=\"wp-custom-description\">Source: Shenbao (Shanghai), October 10, 1920.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u9ad8\u5ea6\u751f\u7522\u529b\u4f7f\u5f97\u6c23\u5019\u4e7e\u71e5\u6eab\u548c\u7684\u83ef\u5317\u5e73\u539f\u80fd\u5920\u8b93\u5168\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u53e3\u6700\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\u5730\u5340\u4e4b\u4e00\u7dad\u751f\uff0c\u5728\u76f4\u96b8\u7684\u6751\u843d\uff081928\u5e74\u59cb\u7a31\u6cb3\u5317\uff09\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\u4eba\u53e3\u90542000\u4eba\uff0c\u5c71\u6771\u5247\u662f3000\u591a\u4eba\u3002<a href=\"#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]<\/a> \u83ef\u5317\u5c0f\u9ea5\u548c\u9ad8\u7cb1\u7684\u683d\u7a2e\u5718\u9ad4\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u5f37\u5316\u6709\u6a5f\u65bd\u80a5\uff0c\u6dfa\u5c64\u683d\u57f9\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u50b3\u627f\u7684\u8015\u4f5c\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u9054\u6210\u5982\u6b64\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u751f\u7522\u529b\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u53d7\u5230\u7f8e\u570b\u8fb2\u696d\u90e8\u571f\u58e4\u7ba1\u7406\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684\u8b9a\u8cde\u3002<a href=\"#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]<\/a> \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u83ef\u5317\u5730\u5340\u7684\u96e8\u91cf\u5927\u591a\u4ef0\u8cf4\u590f\u5b63\u5b63\u98a8; \u7576\u590f\u5b63\u5b63\u98a8\u6c92\u6709\u5230\u4f86\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u4e0d\u5c0d\u7684\u6642\u9593\u964d\u96e8\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4f9b\u7d66\u591a\u6578\u83ef\u5317\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u4e00\u5e74\u4e00\u6536\u6216\u4e00\u5e74\u5169\u6536\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u88ab\u7834\u58de\u3002<a href=\"#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]<\/a> \u81ea1919\u5e74\u590f\u5929\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u4e7e\u65f1\u6301\u7e8c\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u9ec3\u6cb3\u4ee5\u5317\u7684\u83ef\u5317\u5e73\u539f\u6700\u70ba\u56b4\u91cd:\u76f4\u96b8\u4e2d\u90e8\u8207\u5357\u90e8\uff0c\u5c71\u6771\u897f\u90e8\u548c\u6cb3\u5357\u5317\u90e8\u30021919\u5e74\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u9b27\u65f1\u707d\u7684\u5730\u5340\u666e\u904d\u6709\u6c34\u4e95\u704c\u6e89\uff0c\u537b\u50c5\u7528\u65bc\u7e3d\u9ad4\u4f5c\u7269\u7684\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u9084\u662f\u4f9d\u8cf4\u964d\u96e8\u3002<a href=\"#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u5730\u5f62\u666f\u89c0\uff0c\u4e5f\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u5730\u8cea\u4fdd\u6c34\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5f15\u767c\u4e86\u983b\u7e41\u7684\u6c34\u60a3\u3002\u6a39\u6728\u88ab\u5fb9\u5e95\u780d\u9664\u7684\u83ef\u5317\u5e73\u539f\uff0c\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u6a39\u6839\u6240\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u7684\u6c34\u5206\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u5167\u9678\u6cb3\u9053\u6cbf\u8def\u7684\u5c71\u5761\u68ee\u6797\u6feb\u780d\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u4fb5\u8755\u3001\u4e0b\u6e38\u7a4d\u805a\u6c89\u7a4d\u7269\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u83ef\u5317\u5e73\u539f\u6cbf\u5cb8\u6bcf\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u6d2a\u6c34\u3002\u5bb6\u5ead\u5132\u7ce7\u8207\u793e\u5340\u7ce7\u5009\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c1a\u672a\u5f9e\u5169\u5e74\u524d\uff081917 \u5e74\uff09\u5728\u76f4\u96b8\u7701\u767c\u751f\u7684\u707d\u96e3\u6027\u6d2a\u707d\u4e2d\u6062\u5fa9\u904e\u4f86\u3002<a href=\"#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_199\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 871 px\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-199\" src=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1920\/09\/Disaster-stricken-Shaanxi-1920.jpg\" alt=\"Disaster stricken Shaanxi 1920\" width=\"861\" height=\"646\" srcset=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1920\/09\/Disaster-stricken-Shaanxi-1920.jpg 861w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1920\/09\/Disaster-stricken-Shaanxi-1920-250x188.jpg 250w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1920\/09\/Disaster-stricken-Shaanxi-1920-800x600.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 861px) 100vw, 861px\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u965d\u897f\u6f7c\u95dc\u707d\u6c11\u4e4b\u72c0\u6cc1\u3002<\/p><p class=\"wp-custom-description\">Source: Jiuzai zhoukan (Beijing), March 20, 1921.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u5728\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u5e74\u5ea6\uff0c\u76f4\u96b8\u5730\u5340\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u6bcf\u5e74\u7684\u652f\u51fa\u7d04\u6709\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e09\u5728\u98df\u7269\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u5011\u7279\u5225\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u50f9\u683c\u7565\u6f32\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002 <a href=\"#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]<\/a> \u56e0\u70ba\u5317\u65b9\u6751\u838a\u7372\u5f97\u8cb8\u6b3e\u7684\u7ba1\u9053\u6709\u9650\uff0c<a href=\"#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]<\/a> \u52a0\u4e0a\u6b49\u6536\u6642\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u5099\u7528\u7684\u6536\u5165\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bc6\u96c6\u4eba\u53e3\u5f37\u529b\u65bd\u58d3\u8981\u6c42\u4f9b\u61c9\u7ce7\u98df\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u9032\u53e3\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7ce7\u98df\u4f86\u7a69\u5b9a\u50f9\u683c\uff0c\u4f7f\u6700\u8ca7\u7aae\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u4f9d\u820a\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u8cfc\u8cb7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u64da\u6574\u500b\u98df\u7269\u5371\u6a5f\u4e2d\u90fd\u5728\u904b\u4f5c\u7684\u570b\u969b\u6551\u6fdf\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u6240\u7d66\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u300c\u53d7\u5f71\u97ff\u4eba\u53e3\u300d\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u9700\u8981\u5354\u52a9\u751f\u8a08\u76f4\u5230\u4e0b\u500b\u9810\u671f\u6536\u6210\u76841921\u5e74\u6625\u5b63\u3002\u9951\u8352\u6a6b\u8de8\u4e94\u500b\u7701\u4efd\uff0c\u5f71\u97ff2000\u842c\u4eba; \u5176\u4e2d\u67098,836,772\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8fd1\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u9951\u9913\u4eba\u53e3\u5728\u76f4\u96b8\u7701\u4efd\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5341\u4e09\u500b\u9109\u93ae\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u4e5d\u5341\u5e7e\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u9700\u8981\u63f4\u52a9\u3002\u4e2d\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4f30\u7b97\u4eba\u6578\u76f8\u7576\u9ad8\uff0c\u67093000\u842c\u9951\u8352\u4eba\u53e3\uff08\u707d\u6c11\uff09\u3002<a href=\"#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_198\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 647 px\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-large wp-image-198\" src=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1920\/09\/american-red-cross-map-drought-famine-1920-647x1024.jpg\" alt=\"american red cross map drought famine 1920\" width=\"637\" height=\"1008\" srcset=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1920\/09\/american-red-cross-map-drought-famine-1920-647x1024.jpg 647w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1920\/09\/american-red-cross-map-drought-famine-1920-158x250.jpg 158w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1920\/09\/american-red-cross-map-drought-famine-1920-506x800.jpg 506w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1920\/09\/american-red-cross-map-drought-famine-1920.jpg 736w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 637px) 100vw, 637px\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u7f8e\u570b\u7d05\u5341\u5b57\u5716\u986f\u793a\uff0c1920-21\u5e74\u9435\u8def\uff08\u7c97\u7dda\u8868\u793a\uff09\u548c\u4e3b\u8981\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u5e72\u65f1\u98e2\u8352\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/p><p class=\"wp-custom-description\">Source: American Red Cross, Report of the China Famine Relief October, 1920 \u2013 September, 1921. Courtesy of the Cornell University Library.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>\u5c0d\u7b56<\/h2>\n<p>1920-21\u5e74\uff0c\u5c0d\u6297\u7ce7\u98df\u77ed\u7f3a\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e5d\u6708\u81f3\u4e94\u6708\u6301\u7e8c\u4e86\u5341\u500b\u6708\uff0c\u6240\u505a\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5f88\u5206\u6563\u591a\u5143\u3002\u6d89\u53ca\u53d7\u707d\u793e\u5340\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u8207\u5730\u5340\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c08\u7acb\u7684\u6551\u6fdf\u5354\u6703\u548c\u570b\u969b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5ee3\u6cdb\u97ff\u61c9\u3002\u7d50\u5408\u4e2d\u570b\u5e1d\u570b\u665a\u671f\u4e0d\u62d8\u4e00\u683c\u7684\u6551\u707d\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u901a\u8a0a\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5ba3\u50b3\u548c\u91d1\u878d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u706b\u8eca\u548c\u5831\u7d19\u7b49\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u9951\u8352\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5927\u8b8a\u5316\u7684\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u78ba\u5207\u7684\u6642\u523b\uff1a\u5230\u4e861920\u5e74\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u4e2d\u570b\u5df2\u7d93\u5206\u88c2\u70ba\u773e\u591a\u6709\u81ea\u6cbb\u8ecd\u968a\u7684\u5730\u5340\u6d3e\u7cfb\uff0c\u8ddd\u96e2\u5f9e1925\u5e74\u52301950\u5e74\u70ba\u6642\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u5167\u6230\u548c\u6297\u65e5\u6230\u722d\u53ea\u6709\u5e7e\u5e74\u7684\u6642\u9593\u30021920\u5e74\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u821e\u53f0\u7684\u7279\u9ede\uff0c\u662f\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u8ecd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u5145\u5206\u5354\u8abf\u8cc7\u6e90\u8207\u8f49\u79fb\u96e3\u6c11\u9032\u51fa\u83ef\u5317\u98e2\u8352\u5730\u5340\u3002<a href=\"#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u8fb2\u6751\u5730\u5340\u7684\u8fb2\u4f5c\u7269\u6b49\u6536\u6642\uff0c\u8eab\u9ad4\u5065\u5168\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u958b\u59cb\u96e2\u958b\uff0c\u6cbf\u8457\u78ba\u7acb\u7684\u5b63\u7bc0\u6027\u9077\u5f99\u8def\u7dda\uff0c\u4f86\u5230\u6eff\u6d32\u6216\u5f80\u5357\u81f3\u6f22\u53e3\u6216\u4e0a\u6d77; \u90a3\u4e9b\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6c42\u52a9\u5099\u6848\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5728\u6cb3\u5e8a\u908a\u7684\u7578\u96f6\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u7a2e\u690d\u82b1\u751f\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u6297\u5bd2\u7684\u4f5c\u7269;\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u9ec3\u6cb3\u9ad8\u9e7c\u6027\u5e73\u539f\u4e0a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u57281920-1921\u5e74\u9593\u85c9\u7531\u751f\u7522\u53ef\u92b7\u552e\u7684\u5730\u9e7d\u4f86\u5ea6\u904e\u7ce7\u98df\u5371\u6a5f\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\u88fd\u9e7d\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u52aa\u529b\u62fc\u640f\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6536\u5165\u4f86\u6e90\u3002<a href=\"#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]<\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_225\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 561 px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Shenbao-2397-103120cropped.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-225\" src=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Shenbao-2397-103120cropped-800x627.jpg\" alt=\"Famine relief poster Shenbao Shanghai 1920\" width=\"551\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Shenbao-2397-103120cropped-800x627.jpg 800w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Shenbao-2397-103120cropped-250x196.jpg 250w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Shenbao-2397-103120cropped-1024x802.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Shenbao-2397-103120cropped.jpg 1294w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 551px) 100vw, 551px\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u7533\u5831\u7684\u8cd1\u707d\u5ee3\u544a\u3002<\/p><p class=\"wp-custom-description\">Source: Shenbao (Shanghai) October 31, 1920. <\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u6253\u64ca\u7ce7\u98df\u50f9\u683c\u4e0a\u6f32\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u5c0d\u7ce7\u98df\u751f\u7522\u8207\u904b\u8f38\u6e1b\u7a05\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u5927\u5317\u4eac\u5730\u5340\u84b8\u993e\u9152\u7cbe\u4f86\u6e1b\u8f15\u98df\u54c1\u4f9b\u61c9\u7684\u58d3\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6301\u7e8c\u65bd\u884c\u653f\u7b56\u81f31921\u5e74\u6625\u5b63\u3002<a href=\"#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]<\/a> \u96d6\u7136\u4e2d\u592e\u548c\u7701\u7d1a\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6551\u52a9\u6a5f\u69cb\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u9032\u884c\u9069\u5ea6\u7684\u6551\u6fdf\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u662f\u5354\u8abf\u5730\u5340\u7684\u6551\u6fdf\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4fc3\u9032\u5168\u570b\u8cc7\u6e90\u6d41\u52d5\uff08\u9019\u4e00\u5e74\u4ea4\u901a\u90e8\u91cb\u51fa\u516b\u767e\u842c\u5143\u4f5c\u70ba\u570b\u5bb6\u9435\u8def\u7cfb\u7d71\u904b\u9001\u6551\u6fdf\u7ce7\u98df\u7684\u904b\u8f38\u8cbb\u7528\uff09\u3002<a href=\"#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u81ea1920\u5e74\u590f\u672b\uff0c\u5ee3\u6cdb\u6e05\u9664\u6839\u548c\u85e5\u8349\uff0c\u6216\u907f\u514d\u98e2\u9913\u800c\u6e96\u5099\u7684 \u300c\u98e2\u9913\u98df\u7269\u300d\uff0c\u5982\u6a39\u76ae\uff0c\u9ad8\u7cb1\u6bbc\u548c\u6f02\u767d\u571f\uff0c\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u5bb6\u5ead\u73fe\u91d1\u6216\u7ce7\u98df\u5132\u5099\u67af\u7aed\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5168\u9762\u98e2\u8352\u7684\u5230\u4f86\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u793e\u5340\u90e8\u5206\u6216\u5168\u90e8\u88ab\u66ab\u6642\u907a\u68c4\uff0c\u5168\u5bb6\u9003\u96e2\u4e7e\u65f1\u5730\u5340\u3002\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u5340\u5728\u6751\u88cf\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e92\u52a9\u8a08\u5283\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u707d\u6c11\u7684\u8ca7\u56f0\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u8a2d\u7acb\u6d41\u52d5\u5eda\u623f\uff0c\u4ee5\u8cb8\u6b3e\u6216\u76f4\u63a5\u88dc\u52a9\u91d1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u767c\u653e\u91d1\u9322\uff0c\u7ce7\u98df\u548c\u8863\u670d\u3002<a href=\"#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5340\u57df\u6027\u7684\u7ce7\u5eab\u56b4\u91cd\u67af\u7aed\u6642\uff0c\u5546\u5bb6\u548c\u7d33\u58eb\u532f\u96c6\u8cc7\u91d1\uff0c\u5f9e\u9130\u7701\u9032\u53e3\u7a40\u7269\uff0c\u518d\u4ee5\u6298\u6263\u50f9\u8ce3\u7d66\u7aae\u4eba\u4f86\u5e73\u8861\u7576\u5730\u7ce7\u50f9\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u884c\u4e4b\u6578\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u5730\u5340\u7ce7\u98df\u77ed\u7f3a\u7684\u5354\u8abf\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<a href=\"#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]<\/a> \u7576\u8a31\u591a\u5bb6\u5ead\u751a\u81f3\u9023\u6253\u6298\u7684\u7ce7\u98df\u90fd\u8cb7\u4e0d\u8d77\u6642\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u793e\u5340\u81ea1920\u5e74\u79cb\u5b63\u4e2d\u65ec\u8d77\u958b\u59cb\u8a2d\u7acb\u6d41\u52d5\u5eda\u623f\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u5eda\u623f\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u4eba\u6578\u70ba\u6578\u767e\u5230\u6578\u5343\u4eba\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4f4d\u65bc\u6cb3\u5357\u5b89\u967d\u7531\u8cb4\u65cf\u7d93\u71df\u7684\u5eda\u623f\uff0c\u6bcf\u5929\u7684\u670d\u6b21\u4eba\u6578\u591a\u90542.5\u842c\u4eba\u3002<a href=\"#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><object width=\"420\" height=\"315\" classid=\"clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http:\/\/download.macromedia.com\/pub\/shockwave\/cabs\/flash\/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\"><param name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\" \/><param name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\" \/><param name=\"src\" value=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/v\/M-QMH2gZIlg\" \/><param name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\" \/><embed width=\"420\" height=\"315\" type=\"application\/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/v\/M-QMH2gZIlg\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" \/><\/object><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>1921\u5e74\u6625\u5b63\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u98e2\u8352\u63f4\u52a9\u904a\u884c\u7684\u65b0\u805e\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Source: British Path\u00e9\/Path\u00e9 Gazette, \u2018Natives of Shanghai,\u2019 newsreel, May 23, 1921<\/p>\n<p>\u96a8\u8457\u7576\u5730\u8cc7\u6e90\u6d88\u8017\u6b86\u76e1\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u7ce7\u98df\u88ab\u7528\u4f86\u7dad\u6301\u7cfb\u7d71\u904b\u4f5c\u30021920\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u5b98\u65b9\u548c\u6148\u5584\u6551\u63f4\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u570b\u5bb6\u9435\u8def\u7db2\u5c07170457191\u65a4\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4f86\u81ea\u6eff\u6d32\u7684\u7ce7\u98df\u904b\u9032\u4e94\u7701\u7684\u9951\u8352\u5730\u5e36\uff0c\u6bcf\u5929\u7ce7\u98df\u914d\u7d66\uff0c\u7e3d\u8a08\u905431\u5929\uff0c\u53d7\u60e0\u7684\u707d\u6c11\u7d04\u516b\u5343\u516b\u767e\u842c\u4eba\u3002<a href=\"#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]<\/a> \u96a8\u8457\u51ac\u5929\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u904b\u9001\u81f3\u83ef\u5317\u7684\u6eff\u6d32\u7ce7\u98df\u589e\u52a0\uff0c 1921\u5e741\u6708\u4efd\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u8a18\u9304\uff0c\u662f1919\u5e74\u7684\u8a18\u9304\u516d\u500d\u4e4b\u591a\u3002<a href=\"#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u7e23\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u8ecd\u968a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6551\u6fdf\u6a5f\u69cb\u6240\u767c\u8d77\u7684\u6551\u52a9\u884c\u52d5\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u70ba\u6578\u4e0d\u5c11\u7684\u707d\u5340\u6551\u63f4\u884c\u52d5\u662f\u7531\u6578\u5341\u500b\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\u7b49\u57ce\u5e02\u57281920\u590f\u672b\u548c\u79cb\u5929\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u6551\u707d\u5354\u6703\u6240\u52d5\u54e1\u3002<a href=\"#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]<\/a> 10\u6708\u6642\uff0c\u5916\u570b\u5c45\u6c11\u5718\u9ad4\u767c\u8d77\u6551\u707d\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u7d50\u5408\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5354\u6703\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u516b\u500b\u300c\u570b\u969b\u6551\u6fdf\u5354\u6703\u300d\uff0c\u5728\u4e94\u500b\u9951\u8352\u7701\u4efd\u884c\u52d5\u3002<br \/>\n1921\u5e741\u6708\u6210\u529f\u9032\u884c\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u570b\u969b\u5354\u6703\u767c\u653e\u7ce7\u98df\uff0c\u6551\u52a9\u4e86\u5927\u7d04700\u842c\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u591a\u6578\u662f\u5728\u6625\u6536\u4e4b\u524d\u76844\u6708\u82075\u6708\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u7d05\u5341\u5b57\u6703\u900f\u904e\u4ee5\u5c71\u6771\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6551\u6fdf\u8a08\u756b\uff0c\u5e6b\u52a9\u52de\u5de5\u53ca\u5176\u5bb6\u5c6c\u51719.28\u842c\u4eba\u5ea6\u904e\u9951\u8352\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6703\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u82b1\u8cbb200\u842c\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u8ca8\u5e63\u6551\u6fdf\u707d\u6c11\u3002<a href=\"#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u622a\u81f36\u6708\u521d\u6625\u6536\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u4f30\u8a08\u5728\u4e94\u500b\u7701\u4efd\u6709\u4e94\u5341\u842c\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6b7b\u56e0\u662f\u71df\u990a\u4e0d\u826f\u548c\u611f\u5192; \u8207\u9951\u8352\u6709\u95dc\u7684\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u6591\u75b9\u50b7\u5bd2\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u570b\u969b\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u9632\u75ab\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6578\u76f8\u5c0d\u8f03\u4f4e\uff0c\u6b78\u529f\u65bc\u6ec5\u8671\uff08delousing\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f7f\u53d7\u707d\u4eba\u53e3\u5728\u5bb6\u5712\u9644\u8fd1\u5206\u6563\u5c45\u4f4f\u3002<a href=\"#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]<\/a> \u6b7b\u4e86\u4e94\u5341\u842c\u4eba\uff0c\u7d04\u70ba\u98e2\u8352\u5340\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u767e\u5206\u4e4b1.6\u52302.5\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u53ef\u6015\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9060\u4f4e\u65bc1870\u5e74\u4ee3\u98e2\u8352\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\uff0c950\u842c\u81f31300\u842c\u4eba; \u4e5f\u5c11\u65bc\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u9951\u8352\uff0c1920\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u671f\u5317\u65b9\u5927\u9951\u8352\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u7684\u6578\u767e\u842c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6578\u3002\u6839\u64da\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u57281920-21\u5e74\u7684\u8a18\u8f09\u4e2d\u4e26\u672a\u51fa\u73fe\u540c\u985e\u76f8\u98df\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u5927\u9951\u8352\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_226\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 442 px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/IMG_4429.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-226 \" src=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/IMG_4429-e1439643749406-600x800.jpg\" alt=\"Famine Relief Weekly magazine Beijing China 1921\" width=\"432\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/IMG_4429-e1439643749406-600x800.jpg 600w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/IMG_4429-e1439643749406-188x250.jpg 188w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/IMG_4429-e1439643749406-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/IMG_4429-e1439643749406.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 432px) 100vw, 432px\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><br \/> \u83ef\u5317\u6551\u707d\u5354\u6703\u300a\u6551\u707d\u5468\u520a\u300b\u7684\u5c01\u9762\uff0c\u57281920-21\u5e74\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u5831\u5c0e\u4e7e\u65f1\u9951\u8352\u6551\u6fdf\u4e8b\u5b9c\u7684\u5e7e\u671f\u671f\u520a\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p><p class=\"wp-custom-description\">Source: Jiuzai zhoukan (Beijing), April 24, 1921.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>\u5f8c\u679c<\/h2>\n<p>1920-21\u5e74\u7684\u4e7e\u65f1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u96a8\u4e4b\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u9951\u8352\uff0c\u767c\u751f\u57281919\u5e74\u4e94\u56db\u904b\u52d5\u4ee5\u53ca1921\u5e747\u6708\u4e2d\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u9996\u6b21\u6703\u8b70\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u767c\u9175\u671f\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5b83\u900f\u904e\u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u969b\u98e2\u8352\u6551\u6fdf\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u4f86\u63a8\u52d5\u9632\u707d\u57fa\u790e\u5efa\u8a2d\u548c\u4fe1\u8cb8\u5408\u4f5c\u793e\uff0c\u9019\u6b21\u7684\u98e2\u8352\u9023\u540c1920\u5e74\u4ee3\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u5371\u6a5f\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u793e\u6703\u4e0d\u666f\u6c23\uff0c\u717d\u8d77\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u6578\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u9769\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u63a5\u9023\u4e0d\u65b7\u7684\u6b49\u6536\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\u4ee4\u4eba\u65e5\u76ca\u7d55\u671b\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4f7f\u8a31\u591a\u5bb6\u5ead\u7d93\u6b77\u5341\u500b\u6708\u7ce7\u98df\u6975\u5ea6\u5331\u4e4f\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u751f\u5b58\u7a7a\u9593\u5df2\u7d93\u8584\u5f31\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u66f4\u52a0\u75db\u82e6\u4e0d\u582a\u3002\u5bb6\u5ead\u56e0\u70ba\u9951\u8352\u800c\u5206\u5d29\u96e2\u6790\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u9003\u96e2\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u81ea\u6bba\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5152\u7ae5\u8207\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5973\u5b69\uff09\u88ab\u8ce3\u5230\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u7576\u50d5\u4eba\uff0c\u5c0f\u59be\u6216\u662f\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\uff0c\u6216\u8ce3\u7d66\u4eba\u53e3\u8ca9\u5b50\u5f9e\u4e8b\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u6216\u5a1b\u6a02\u696d\u3002<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_227\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 730 px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Guy-dismantling-house-ARC-1921.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-227\" src=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Guy-dismantling-house-ARC-1921.png\" alt=\"Famine dismantling house China 1921\" width=\"720\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Guy-dismantling-house-ARC-1921.png 720w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Guy-dismantling-house-ARC-1921-250x151.png 250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u4e00\u540d\u7537\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u9951\u8352\u671f\u9593\u62c6\u9664\u623f\u5c4b\u51fa\u552e\u3002<\/p><p class=\"wp-custom-description\">Source: American Red Cross, Report of the China Famine Relief October, 1920 \u2013 September, 1921. Courtesy of the Cornell University Library.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u83ef\u5317\u5730\u5340\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u9ad4\u662f\u81ea\u8015\u7a2e\uff0c\u5927\u7d04\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e09\u7684\u5317\u65b9\u8fb2\u6c11\u64c1\u6709\u571f\u5730\u3002\u5728\u9951\u8352\u5371\u6a5f\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u571f\u5730\u8f49\u8ce3\uff0c\u4f46\u76ee\u524d\u5c1a\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u6578\u91cf\uff1a\u5728\u76f4\u96b8\u7684\u67d0\u500b\u5357\u90e8\u5730\u5340\uff0c\u670940\uff05\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u9951\u8352\u800c\u8b8a\u5f97\u8ca7\u7aae\uff0c\u5728\u5371\u6a5f\u7206\u767c\u4e4b\u524d\u6301\u6709\u7684\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u670913\uff05\u88ab\u51fa\u552e\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u4e0d\u5177\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u8a72\u5730\u5340\u571f\u5730\u50f9\u503c\u7a69\u5b9a\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u986f\u793a\u571f\u5730\u6c92\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u51fa\u552e\uff0c\u8207\u5341\u5e74\u5f8c\u76841928\u81f31930\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u897f\u5317\u5404\u7701\u53d7\u5230\u56b4\u91cd\u98e2\u8352\u7684\u8972\u64ca\uff0c\u7518\u8085\u548c\u965d\u897f\u5730\u5340\u571f\u5730\u50f9\u503c\u6025\u5287\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u9bae\u660e\u5c0d\u6bd4\u3002<a href=\"#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u8fb2\u6236\u6bd4\u8f03\u53ef\u80fd\u9078\u64c7\u627f\u53d7\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u50b5\u52d9\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u96e2\u958b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5bb6\u5712\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u5bb6\u5ead\u5411\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u9130\u5c45\u501f\u9322\u800c\u633a\u904e\u5371\u6a5f\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u4f86\u3002\u5728\u5371\u6a5f\u7d50\u675f\u6642\uff0c\u623f\u5c4b\u7d93\u5e38\u6c92\u6709\u5c4b\u9802\u6216\u5bb6\u5177\uff0c\u5728\u7ce7\u98df\u50f9\u683c\u7684\u9ad8\u5cf0\u671f\u88ab\u51fa\u552e\u6642\u7a7a\u7121\u4e00\u7269\u3002\u751f\u7522\u8cc7\u672c\u4f8b\u5982\u8fb2\u5177\u548c\u7272\u755c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u8ce3\u6389\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6062\u5fa9\u8fb2\u8015\u6642\u5df2\u7121\u7269\u53ef\u7528\u3002\u5bb6\u5ead\u901a\u5e38\u6c92\u6709\u51ac\u5b63\u8863\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u57281920\u5e74\u7684\u590f\u5b63\u88ab\u5178\u7576\uff0c\u7528\u4f86\u8cb7\u51ac\u5b63\u8981\u7a2e\u690d\u7684\u5c0f\u9ea5\u7a2e\u5b50\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4eba\u5011\u5728\u51ac\u5b63\u4f86\u81e8\u6642\u7279\u5225\u8106\u5f31\u3002<a href=\"#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]<\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_228\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 810 px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/JZZK-May-8-1921.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-228\" src=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/JZZK-May-8-1921-800x537.jpg\" alt=\"Famine refugees China 1921\" width=\"800\" height=\"537\" srcset=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/JZZK-May-8-1921-800x537.jpg 800w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/JZZK-May-8-1921-250x168.jpg 250w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/JZZK-May-8-1921-1024x687.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/JZZK-May-8-1921-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/JZZK-May-8-1921.jpg 1977w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u5728\u4e7e\u65f1\u98e2\u8352\u5730\u5e36\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u77e5\u540d\u5730\u5340\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u4e58\u904b\u8ca8\u99ac\u8eca\u9077\u79fb\u3002<\/p><p class=\"wp-custom-description\">Source: Jiuzai zhoukan (Beijing), May 8, 1921.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u5982\u540c\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u9951\u8352\uff0c\u9019\u6b21\u7684\u7ce7\u98df\u5371\u6a5f\u4e5f\u6539\u8b8a\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u5206\u4f48\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u5011\u7956\u5148\u6240\u505a\u7684\uff0c\u767e\u842c\u4eba\u9003\u96e2\u83ef\u5317\u5e73\u539f\u524d\u5f80\u6771\u5317\u4e09\u7701\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u6eff\u6d32\uff1a\u5409\u7530\uff0c\u5409\u6797\uff0c\u9ed1\u9f8d\u6c5f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u7d04\u6709\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u4eba\u7559\u4e0b\u4f86\u5b9a\u5c45\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u3002<a href=\"#_edn23\" name=\"_ednref23\">[23]<\/a> \u8a31\u591a\u96e3\u6c11\u6cbf\u8457\u81ea1870\u5e74\u4ee3\u5927\u9951\u8352\u8d77\u92ea\u8a2d\u7684\u516d\u5343\u82f1\u91cc\u7684\u8ecc\u9053\u9003\u96e2\u707d\u5340\u3002<a href=\"#_edn24\" name=\"_ednref24\">[24]<\/a> \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u689d\u9435\u8def\u7dda\u7a7f\u8d8a1920-21\u5e74\u9951\u8352\u5340\u7684\u5fc3\u81df\u5730\u5340\uff0c\u6551\u63f4\u4ee5\u53ca\u96e3\u6c11\u904b\u52d5\u4ecd\u7136\u4f9d\u5faa\u591a\u6578\u4e7e\u65f1\u5730\u5340\u884c\u4e4b\u6578\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6b65\u884c\uff0c\u63a8\u8eca\u4f86\u901a\u904e\u8271\u96e3\u800c\u901f\u5ea6\u7de9\u6162\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u57fa\u790e\u8a2d\u65bd\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u6fc0\u767c\u4eba\u6c11\u547c\u7c72\u6295\u8cc7\u570b\u5167\u5404\u5730\u7684\u98e2\u8352\u9810\u9632\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1921\u5e74\u79cb\u5b63\uff0c\u516b\u500b\u4e2d\u5916\u806f\u5408\u6551\u6fdf\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u7d44\u6210\u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u969b\u98e2\u8352\u6551\u6fdf\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\uff0c\u5f97\u52301920-21\u5e74\u6551\u707d\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u5269\u9918\u8cc7\u91d1\u3002\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7684\u7e3d\u90e8\u8a2d\u5728\u5317\u4eac\uff0c \u6210\u54e1\u5927\u591a\u6578\u70ba\u5916\u570b\u4eba\u5f97\u4ee5\u7dad\u6301\u7368\u7acb\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u4e2d\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u8f44\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u6574\u500b1920\u5e74\u4ee3\u70ba\u4e86\u9810\u9632\u9951\u8352\u800c\u84cb\u8def\u3001\u4fee\u7e55\u5824\u9632\u5de5\u7a0b\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u7a0b\u9805\u76ee\u7b49\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8d0a\u52a9\u5546\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<a href=\"#_edn25\" name=\"_ednref25\">[25]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>1916\u5e74\u8881\u4e16\u51f1\u7e3d\u7d71\u53bb\u4e16\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e2d\u83ef\u5171\u548c\u570b\u89e3\u9ad4\uff0c\u800c\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u8ecd\u95a5\u4e4b\u9593\u7522\u751f\u65e5\u76ca\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u5167\u6230\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u8ecd\u95a5\u6642\u671f\uff081916 &#8211; 27\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u56db\u5e74\u5f8c\u767c\u751f\u4e86\u9951\u8352\u30021917\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u6e56\u5357\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u8ecd\u968a\u4e4b\u9593\u958b\u59cb\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u800c\u6230\u722d\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u8513\u5ef6\u5230\u9130\u8fd1\u7684\u7701\u4efd\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u5927\u591a\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u4e2d\u90e8\u8207\u5357\u90e8; <a href=\"#_edn26\" name=\"_ednref26\">[26]<\/a> \u52301920\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6574\u500b\u4e2d\u570b\u51fa\u73fe\u707d\u96e3\u6027\u7684\u65f1\u707d\u548c\u6d2a\u6c34\uff0c\u571f\u532a\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6301\u7e8c\u4e0d\u65b7\u7684\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f971920-1921\u5e74\u64d4\u4efb\u6551\u96e3\u54e1\u7684\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\u6c83\u723e\u7279\u00b7\u99ac\u6d1b\u91cc\uff08Walter Mallory\uff09\u57281926\u5e74\uff0c\u7d66\u4e2d\u570b\u53d6\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u540d\u7684\u7a31\u865f\u300c\u98e2\u8352\u4e4b\u5730\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_edn27\" name=\"_ednref27\">[27]<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>\u53f2\u5730\u6982\u89c0<\/h2>\n<p>\u63cf\u5beb1920-21\u83ef\u5317\u9951\u8352\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u6975\u70ba\u5c11\u6578\u3002\u83ef\u5317\u9951\u8352\u96d6\u7136\u898f\u6a21\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5169\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b83\u9eef\u7136\u5931\u8272\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5b83\u767c\u751f\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u6230\u4e4b\u5f8c\u5168\u7403\u6551\u6fdf\u6d3b\u52d5\u6fc0\u589e\u4e4b\u6642\uff0c\u7531\u8d6b\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u80e1\u4f5b\u4e3b\u5c0e\u6b50\u6d32\uff0c\u8fd1\u6771\u5230\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u7684\u7f8e\u570b\u6551\u6fdf\u884c\u52d5\u30021910\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u671f\u81f3 1920\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u570b\u969b\u6551\u6fdf\u52d5\u54e1\u7684\u6fc0\u589e\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7126\u9ede\uff1a\u57fa\u601d\u00b7\u6234\u7dad\u00b7\u6c83\u5167\u5f6d\uff08Keith David Watenpaugh\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4f86\u81ea\u77f3\u982d\u7684\u9eb5\u5305\uff1a\u4e2d\u6771\u8207\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7522\u751f\u300b\uff08\u5967\u514b\u862d\uff0c2015\u5e74\uff09;\u5e03\u9b6f\u8afe\u00b7\u5361\u5e03\u5167\u65af\u7684\u300a1918 &#8211; 1924\u5e74\uff1a\u5927\u6230\u8207\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\uff08\u528d\u6a4b\uff0c2014\u5e74\uff09; \u548c\u4f2f\u7279\u862d\u00b7\u5e15\u7279\u5167\u675c\u52d2\uff08Bertrand Patenaude\uff09\u7684\u300a\u535a\u6d1b\u862d\u5927\u5287\u9662\uff1a1921\u5e74\u98e2\u8352\u6642\u7f8e\u570b\u5c0d\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u7684\u6551\u63f4\u8003\u5bdf\u300b\uff08\u53f2\u4e39\u798f\uff0c2002\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u4f461920-21\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u6d3b\u8e8d\u65bc\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u6551\u63f4\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6b77\u53f2\u4e5f\u5ffd\u7565\u9019\u500b\u9951\u8352\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6731\u8389\u5a6d\u00b7\u6b50\u6587\uff08Julia Irwin\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4f7f\u4e16\u754c\u5b89\u5168\uff1a\u7f8e\u570b\u7d05\u5341\u5b57\u6703\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u89ba\u9192\u300b\uff08\u725b\u6d25\uff0c2013\u5e74\uff09\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u8a72\u7d44\u7e54\u57281920-21\u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u6240\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u5834\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5371\u6a5f\u88ab\u96b1\u6666\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u767c\u751f\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u8ecd\u95a5\u6642\u4ee3\uff081916 &#8211; 27\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u5728\u6e05\u671d\u9695\u843d\u548c1928\u5e74\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5d1b\u8d77\u4e4b\u9593\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u5167\u6230\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u6df7\u4e82\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u707d\u96e3\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u6642\u671f\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\u9060\u9060\u4e0d\u5982\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e2d\u65e5\u6230\u722d\u62161950\u5e74\u4ee3\u6bdb\u6fa4\u6771\u5927\u8e8d\u9032\u7684\u9951\u8352\uff0c\u5f8c\u5169\u8005\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u986f\u8457\u7684\u6210\u9577\u3002\u5982\u4e0a\u8ff0\uff0c\u81ea1920\u5e74\u4ee5\u4f86\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u8ac7\u53ca\u4e2d\u570b1920-21\u5e74\u9951\u8352\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u74e6\u723e\u7279\u99ac\u6d1b\u91cc\u7684\u300a\u98e2\u8352\u4e4b\u5730\u300b\uff08\u7d10\u7d04\uff0c1926\u5e74\uff09; \u5b89\u5fb7\u9b6f\u00b7\u5167\u68ee\uff08Andrew Nathan\uff0c1966\u5e74\uff0c\u99ac\u85a9\u8af8\u585e\u5dde\uff0c\u528d\u6a4b\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u969b\u98e2\u8352\u6551\u6fdf\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u6b77\u53f2\u300b;Marie-Claire Berg\u00e8re\u7684\u300a1920-1922\u5e74\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\u300b\u300a\u5e74\u9451\uff1a\u7d93\u6fdf\uff0c\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\uff0c\u6587\u660e\u300b\uff081973\uff09; \u590f\u660e\u82b3\u7b49\u4eba\u6240\u5beb\u7684\uff1a\u300a20\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u570b\u707d\u8b8a\u5716\u793a\uff08\u798f\u5dde\uff0c2001\uff09\u300b;\u548c\u674e\u8389\u84ee\u300a\u5728\u83ef\u5317\u8207\u9951\u8352\u6297\u6230\uff1a\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e02\u5834\u548c\u74b0\u5883\u8870\u9000\uff0c1690\u5e74\u4ee3\u81f31990\u5e74\u4ee3\u300b\uff08\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b78\uff0c2007\u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6b77\u53f2\u4e3b\u8981\u6839\u64da\u5916\u570b\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u662f1921\u5e74\u6625\u5929\u5371\u6a5f\u4e2d\u671f\u5916\u570b\u6240\u52d5\u54e1\u7684\u6551\u63f4\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u6b77\u53f2\u5b8c\u5168\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u65e9\u5148\u4e2d\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u793e\u6703\u57281920\u5e74\u79cb\u5929\u6240\u52d5\u54e1\u7684\u6551\u63f4\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5730\u65b9\u6551\u707d\u548c\u4e2d\u570b\u8ecd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u707d\u96e3\u8655\u7406\u3002\u5f88\u4e0d\u5e78\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u57281920-1921\u5e74\u9b27\u65f1\u707d\u7684\u83ef\u5317\u5e73\u539f\u4e0a\u6240\u5c55\u73fe\u7684\u793e\u6703\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u529b\u4f9d\u820a\u4e0d\u88ab\u8b9a\u8cde\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u8ecd\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u7cbe\u82f1\u53ca\u570b\u969b\u7684\u6551\u707d\u6a5f\u69cb\u76f8\u7576\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5728\u4e00\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6551\u6fdf\u4e00\u5343\u842c\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u6b21\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ea\u88ab\u7576\u6210\u4e2d\u570b\u8ecd\u95a5\u6642\u4ee3\u5167\u4e82\u548c\u6c11\u773e\u82e6\u96e3\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u80cc\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_230\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 610 px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/sHIBAO-2472-Apr1721.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-230\" src=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/sHIBAO-2472-Apr1721-600x800.jpg\" alt=\"Famine victims and wedding Shibao Shanghai newspaper 1921\" width=\"600\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/sHIBAO-2472-Apr1721-600x800.jpg 600w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/sHIBAO-2472-Apr1721-188x250.jpg 188w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/sHIBAO-2472-Apr1721-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/sHIBAO-2472-Apr1721.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5831\u7d19\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cb3\u5357\u7701\u7684\u707d\u96e3\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u5c55\u73fe\u98e2\u8352\u7684\u56b4\u91cd\u6027\u3002<\/p><p class=\"wp-custom-description\">Source: Shibao (Shanghai), April 17, 1921.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>\u8cc7\u6599\u4f86\u6e90\u7684\u7a2e\u985e<\/h2>\n<p>\u570b\u969b\u6551\u63f4\u7d44\u7e54\u767c\u4f48\u7684\u5831\u544a\u662f\u6700\u5168\u9762\u4e14\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u7372\u53d6\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u7f8e\u570b\u7d05\u5341\u5b57\u6703\u7684\u300a1920\u5e7410\u6708\u81f31921\u5e749\u6708\uff1a\u4e2d\u570b\u9951\u8352\u6551\u6fdf\u5831\u544a\u300b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca1922\u5e74\u5317\u4eac\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u5317\u4eac\u806f\u5408\u570b\u969b\u98e2\u8352\u6551\u6fdf\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7684\u5831\u544a\u300a1920\u5e74-1921\u5e74\u7684\u83ef\u5317\u5927\u9951\u8352\uff0c\u4ee5\u897f\u76f4\u96b8\u5730\u5340\u70ba\u4f8b\u300b\uff0c\u6b64\u4efd\u5831\u544a\u6709\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u672c\u3002\uff08\u5169\u4efd\u5831\u544a\u5747\u53ef\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u548c\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u8036\u9b6f\u5927\u5b78\u4ee5\u53ca\u5eb7\u4e43\u723e\u5927\u5b78\uff0c\u7686\u6709\u7dda\u4e0a\u7684\u6578\u4f4d\u7248\u672c\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u4e9b\u5831\u544a\u5f88\u6709\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7121\u6cd5\u6db5\u84cb\u90a3\u4e00\u5e74\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6551\u6fdf\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002\u300a\u83ef\u5317\u9951\u8352\u300b\u5831\u544a\u53c3\u8003\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u4f30\u8a08\u51fa\u90a3\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u6551\u96e3\u7e3d\u91d1\u984d\u70ba3,700\u842c\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u7576\u6642\u9951\u8352\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4f5c\u8005\u672c\u8eab\u4f30\u8a08\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6551\u707d\u91d1\u984d\u70ba1.2\u5104\u7f8e\u91d1\u3002<a href=\"#_edn28\" name=\"_ednref28\">[28]<\/a> \u5f8c\u4f86\uff0c\u9019\u4efd\u5831\u544a\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u6551\u6fdf\u5354\u6703\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4f30\u8a08\uff0c\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u300c\u4e00\u500b\u731c\u6e2c\u300d\u3002<a href=\"#_edn29\" name=\"_ednref29\">[29]<\/a> \u9019\u4e9b\u5831\u544a\u986f\u7136\u4e26\u672a\u5305\u62ec\u7576\u5730\u5718\u9ad4\u8207\u500b\u4eba\u6240\u505a\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u548c\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u6551\u6fdf\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8a72\u5e74\u5831\u5c0e\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u671f\u520a\u662f\u8f03\u4f73\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u6551\u707d\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u5982\u5317\u4eac\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u6551\u707d\u5468\u520a\u300b\u548c\u300a\u8cd1\u707d\u65e5\u5831\u300b\u3002\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u300a\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u5831\u300b\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5c71\u897f\u7701\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u592a\u539f\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u4f86\u8907\u5831\u300b\u7b49\u7701\u7d1a\u516c\u5831\uff0c\u90fd\u5b9a\u671f\u5831\u5c0e\u5b98\u65b9\u6551\u707d\u6350\u6b3e\u548c\u76f8\u95dc\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u570b\u5bb6\u65b0\u805e\u65e5\u5831\u4e5f\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5831\u5c0e\u9019\u500b\u5371\u6a5f\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u300a\u6668\u5831\u300b\uff0c\u5929\u6d25\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u5b98\u71df\u300a\u5927\u516c\u5831\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u9806\u5929\u6642\u5831\u300b\u3002\u7576\u6642\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u65b0\u805e\u65e5\u5831\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u5c0f\u516c\u5831\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u5be6\u8a71\u300b\uff0c\u90fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5728\u9996\u90fd\u53ca\u5176\u5468\u908a\u7684\u8857\u982d\u9ad4\u9a57\u707d\u96e3\u7684\u7d30\u7bc0\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u7576\u5730\u7684\u5730\u540d\u8a5e\u5178\uff08\u5730\u65b9\u5fd7\uff09\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u50b3\u8a18\uff0c\u77f3\u7891\u548c\u5893\u7891\u7684\u8a18\u9304\uff0c\u6700\u80fd\u4e00\u7aba\u53d7\u707d\u6751\u838a\u7684\u707d\u96e3\u7d93\u9a57\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u82f1\u570b\u66fc\u5fb9\u65af\u7279\u5927\u5b78\u6771\u4e9e\u6b77\u53f2\u7cfb\uff0c\u76ae\u8036 \u5085\u52d2(Pierre Fuller)\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/strong><br \/>\n<b>\u7ffb\u8b6f: \u90b1\u5955\u9f4a <\/b><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4>\u6ce8\u91cb<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Mallory, <em>China Land of Famine<\/em>, 15-7.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> See King, <em>Farmers of Forty Centuries<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Buck, <em>Land Utilization in China<\/em>, 108-29.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Buck, <em>Land Utilization in China<\/em>, 187; King, <em>Farmers of Forty Centuries<\/em>, 223; <em>Jiuzai zhoukan<\/em>, December 12, 1920.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Li, <em>Fighting Famine in North China<\/em>, 285-95.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Dittmer, \u2018An Estimate of the Standard of Living in China\u2019, 116. Dittmer\u2019s study used statistics gathered in the rural outskirts of Beijing.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> Buck, <em>Land Utilization<\/em>, 465.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Edwards, <em>North China Famine<\/em>, 10-11; Xia, <em>Minguo shiqi ziran zaihai<\/em>, 385.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> Fuller, \u201cNorth China Famine Revisited\u201d, 820-50.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Thaxton, <em>Salt of the Earth<\/em>, 115, 249-50.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> <em>Shuntian shibao<\/em> (Beijing), September 23, 1920; <em>Shihua<\/em> (Beijing), February 4, 1921; <em>Da gongbao<\/em> (Tianjin), December 27, 1920; <em>Fengsheng<\/em> (Beijing), April 14, 1921.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> <em>Zhongguo minbao<\/em> (Beijing), November 4, 1920; Edwards, <em>North China Famine<\/em>, 21.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> <em>Laifu bao<\/em> (Taiyuan), October 10, 1920; <em>Wei xianzhi<\/em> 1929 16:46a.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> <em>Shuntian shibao<\/em> (Beijing), October 9, 1920; <em>Celestial Empire<\/em> (Shanghai), November 27, 1920.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> <em>Shuntian shibao<\/em> (Beijing), January 1, 1921; Edwards, <em>North China Famine<\/em>, 83.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> <em>Zhengfu gongbao<\/em> (Beijing), June 13, 1921.This estimate is calculated using the famine ration of five-eighths of a <em>jin<\/em>, or 1,400 calories, per day per idle woman or teenager, who formed a majority of relief recipients, a ration stipulated by the Chinese Ministry of Interior for soup kitchen operations and also employed by the American Red Cross. Fuller, \u201cNorth China Famine Revisited\u201d, 839; American Red Cross, <em>Report of the China Famine Relief<\/em>, 18.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> <em>North China Herald<\/em> (Shanghai), March 5, 1921.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> Egan, \u2018Fighting the Chinese Famine\u2019, April 9, 1921.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> American Red Cross, <em>Report of the China Famine Relief<\/em>, 228; Edwards, <em>North China Famine<\/em>, 3, 20, 25.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> Edwards, <em>North China Famine<\/em>, 78-84.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> Buck, <em>Land Utilization in China<\/em>, 196, 332; Edwards, <em>North China Famine<\/em>, 15.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> Edwards, <em>North China Famine<\/em>, 14-5.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> <em>Yuandong bao<\/em> (Harbin), December 30, 1920; Ma Ping\u2019an, <em>Jindai Dongbei yimin yanjiu<\/em>, Jinan, 2009, 46.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> Mallory, <em>Land of Famine<\/em>, 30.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> Nathan, <em>A History of the China International Famine Relief Commission<\/em>, Cambridge, Mass., 1965, 11.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> McCord, <em>Power of the Gun<\/em>, 253-64.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> Mallory, <em>China Land of Famine<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> The figures are in Mexican silver dollars, a common currency among many used in 1920s China. Fuller, \u201cNorth China Famine Revisited\u201d, 824-25.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a> Edwards, <em>North China Famine<\/em>, 25.<\/p>\n<h4>\u539f\u4ef6\u8cc7\u6599<\/h4>\n<p><em>Celestial Empire<\/em> (Shanghai)<br \/>\n<em>Da gongbao<\/em> \u5927\u516c\u5831 (Tianjin)<br \/>\n<em>Fengsheng<\/em> \u5cf0\u8072 (Beijing)<br \/>\n<em>Jiuzai zhoukan<\/em> \u6551\u707d\u5468\u520a (Beijing)<br \/>\n<em>Laifu bao<\/em> \u6765\u590d\u5831 (Taiyuan)<br \/>\n<em>North China Herald<\/em> (Shanghai)<br \/>\n<em>Shibao<\/em> \u6642\u5831 (Shanghai)<br \/>\n<em>Shihua<\/em> \u5be6\u8a71 (Beijing)<br \/>\n<em>Shuntian shibao<\/em> \u9806\u5929\u6642\u5831 (Beijing)<br \/>\n<em>Zhenzai ribao<\/em> \u8cd1\u707d\u65e5\u5831 (Beijing)<br \/>\n<em>Zhengfu gongbao<\/em> \u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u5831 (Beijing)<br \/>\n<em>Zhongguo minbao<\/em> \u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u5831 (Beijing)<br \/>\n<em>Yuandong bao<\/em> \u9060\u6771\u5831 (Harbin)<\/p>\n<p><em>Wei xianzhi<\/em> \u5a01\u53bf\u5fd7 1929<\/p>\n<p>American Red Cross. \u201cReport of the China Famine Relief, American Red Cross, October 1920 \u2013 September, 1921.\u201d Shanghai, 1921?<\/p>\n<p>Augustana Synod Missionaries. <em>Our Second Decade in China, 1915-1925: Sketches and Reminiscences by Missionaries of the Augustana Synod Mission in the Province of Honan<\/em>. Minneapolis: Board of Foreign Missions, 1925.<\/p>\n<p>Buck, John Lossing. <em>Land Utilization in China<\/em>. London: Oxford University Press, 1937.<\/p>\n<p>Dittmer, C. G., \u201cAn Estimate of the Standard of Living in China,\u201d <em>The Quarterly Journal of Economics<\/em> 33\/1 (Nov., 1918), 107-126.<\/p>\n<p>Edwards, Dwight W., ed. <em>The North China Famine of 1920-21, with Special Reference to the West Chihli Area being the Report of the Peking United International Famine Relief Committee<\/em>. Taipei: Ch\u2019eng Wen Publishing Company, 1971. (First printed in Beijing, 1922.)<\/p>\n<p>Egan, Eleanor Franklin. \u201cFighting the Chinese Famine,\u201d <em>The Saturday Evening Post<\/em>, 9 April 1921.<\/p>\n<p>Fuller, Stuart and M. T. Liang, eds. \u201cStatement of Aims and Report on Famine Conditions and How They Are Being Met with Map of the Famine Region.\u201d Tianjin: Tientsin Press for the North China International Society for Famine Relief cooperating with the Chinese-Foreign Relief Committee, Shanghai, 1920.<\/p>\n<p>King, F. H. <em>Farmers of Forty Centuries or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan<\/em>. Madison, Wisc., 1911.<\/p>\n<p>MacNair, Harley Farnsworth. <em>With the White Cross in China: the Journal of a Famine Relief Worker with a Preliminary Essay by Way of Introduction<\/em>. Peking: Henri Vetch, 1939.<\/p>\n<p>Mallory, Walter. <em>China: Land of Famine<\/em>. New York: American Geographical Society, 1926.<\/p>\n<p>Path\u00e9 Gazette, \u2018Natives of Shanghai,\u2019 newsreel, May 23, 1921<\/p>\n<h4>\u66f8\u76ee<\/h4>\n<p>Berg\u00e8re, Marie-Claire. \u201cUne crise de subsistence en Chine, 1920-1922.\u201d <em>Annales: Economies, Societ\u00e9s, Civilisations<\/em> 28, no. 6 (Nov.-Dec. 1973) 1361-1402.<\/p>\n<p>Fuller, Pierre. \u201cNorth China Famine Revisited: Unsung Native Relief in the Warlord Era, 1920-21,\u201d <em>Modern Asian Studies<\/em> 47\/3 (May 2013).<\/p>\n<p>Fuller, Pierre. \u201c\u2018Barren Soil, Fertile Minds\u2019: Drought Famine &amp; Visions of the \u2018Callous Chinese\u2019 circa 1920,\u201d <em>The International History Review<\/em> 33\/3 (September 2011).<\/p>\n<p>Li, Lillian. <em>Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s-1990s<\/em>. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.<\/p>\n<p>Li, Wenhai, Xia Mingfang, et al. <em>Zhongguo jindai shi da zaihuang<\/em> (The Ten Greatest Natural Disasters of Modern China). Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1994.<\/p>\n<p>Ma Ping\u2019an, <em>Jindai Dongbei yimin yanjiu<\/em>. Jinan: Qilu shushe, 2009.<\/p>\n<p>McCord, Edward. <em>The Power of the Gun: the Emergence of Modern Chinese Warlordism<\/em>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.<\/p>\n<p>Nathan, Andrew. <em>A History of the China International Famine Relief Commission<\/em>. Cambridge, Mass.: East Asia Research Center, Harvard University Press, 1966.<\/p>\n<p>Ren, Yunlan. <em>Jindai Tianjin de cishan yu shehui jiuji<\/em> (Charity and social relief in modern Tianjin). Tianjin: Tianjin renmin chuban she, 2007.<\/p>\n<p>Su, Xinliu. <em>Minguo shiqi Henan shui han zaihai yu xiangcun shehui<\/em> (Rural Henan society amid flood and drought disasters during the Republican era). Zhengzhou: Huanghe shuili<br \/>\nchuban she, 2004.<\/p>\n<p>Thaxton, Ralph. Jr. <em>Salt of the Earth: The Political Origins of Peasant Protest and Communist Revolution in China<\/em>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.<\/p>\n<p>Xia Mingfang, <em>Minguo shiqi ziran zaihai yu xiangcun shehui<\/em> (Natural disasters and rural society in the Republican era). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2000.<\/p>\n<p>Xia Mingfang, and Kang Peizhu, eds., <em>20 shiji Zhongguo zaibian tushi<\/em> (A history of natural disasters in twentieth century China). Fuzhou: Fujian jiayu chuban she, 2001.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>English \u5f9e1919\u5e74\u590f\u5929\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u4e94\u500b\u7701\u4efd\u6301\u7e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u500b\u6708\u6c92\u6709\u964d [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":225,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_locale":"zh_TW","_original_post":"724"},"categories":[4,5],"tags":[22],"coauthors":[26],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/726"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=726"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/726\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":802,"href":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/726\/revisions\/802"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/225"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=726"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=726"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=726"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=726"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}