{"id":773,"date":"2018-02-11T15:45:38","date_gmt":"2018-02-11T15:45:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/?p=773"},"modified":"2018-02-11T15:52:35","modified_gmt":"2018-02-11T15:52:35","slug":"%e8%8f%af%e4%b8%ad%e6%b4%aa%e7%81%bd%ef%bc%8c1931","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/zh-CN\/%e8%8f%af%e4%b8%ad%e6%b4%aa%e7%81%bd%ef%bc%8c1931","title":{"rendered":"\u534e\u4e2d\u6d2a\u707e, 1931"},"content":{"rendered":"

English <\/a>\u7e41\u9ad4<\/a><\/p>\n

1931\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e2d\u90e8\u906d\u9047\u4e00\u573a\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u7684\u6d2a\u707e\uff0c\u6df9\u6ca1\u7684\u533a\u57df\u7ea6\u4e3a\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u52a0\u4e0a\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u9762\u79ef\uff0c\u4f30\u8ba1\u5f71\u54cd\u4e865200\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u9020\u6210\u591a\u8fbe200\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u300c\u626c\u5b50\u6000\u6c34\u300d\uff08\u6c5f\u6dee\u6c34\u707e\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u6b21\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e24\u6761\u6cb3\u6d41\u3002<\/span>\u9ec4\u6cb3\u548c\u5927\u8fd0\u6cb3\u4e5f\u906d\u9047\u4e86\u5927\u6d2a\u6c34\uff0c\u8fdc\u81f3\u5357\u65b9\u7a7f\u8d8a\u5e7f\u5dde\uff08\u5e7f\u4e1c\uff09\u7684\u73e0\u6c5f\uff08\u73e0\u6c5f\uff09\uff0c\u5411\u5317\u8fdc\u81f3\u6d41\u5411\u97e9\u56fd\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u677e\u82b1\u6c5f\u548c\u9e2d\u7eff\u6c5f\u3002<\/span><\/span>[1]<\/a> \u867d\u7136\u6d2a\u6c34\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u5168\u56fd\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4f46\u6838\u5fc3\u707e\u533a\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u516b\u4e2a\u4e2d\u90e8\u7701\u4efd\u3002<\/span>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a1931\u5e74\u534e\u4e2d\u6d2a\u6c34\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6210\u56e0<\/h2>\n

1931\u5e74\u534e\u4e2d\u6c34\u707e\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u533a\u4e0e\u6d41\u57df\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u957f\u671f\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span>\u6df9\u6c34\u662f\u957f\u6c5f\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u5730\u533a\u5c45\u6c11\u5e38\u5e74\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span>\u519c\u6c11\u5360\u9886\u51b2\u79ef\u539f\u548c\u5e73\u539f\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u666f\u89c2\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u52a0\u5267\u6df9\u6c34\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/span>\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u780d\u4f10\u3001\u6e7f\u5730\u590d\u57a6\u3001\u548c\u6cb3\u5824\u8fc7\u5ea6\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u5c06\u6cb3\u6d41\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u6d2a\u6c34\u8d70\u5411\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u7834\u574f\u6027\u7684\u6df9\u6c34\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u6df7\u4e71\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u6709\u5229\u7684\u6c14\u8c61\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u6cb3\u6d41\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4eba\u529b\u7ba1\u7406\u5bfc\u81f4\u519c\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/span>[2]<\/a> \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u96e8\u91cf\u8fc7\u591a\u548c\u6c34\u529b\u6cbb\u7406\u6b20\u4f73\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e0a\u5347\u7684\u6cb3\u6c34\u548c\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u5824\u575d\uff0c\u4f7f\u6cb3\u6d41\u548c\u6e56\u6cca\u593a\u53d6\u4eba\u7c7b\u539f\u672c\u6240\u5360\u9886\u7684\u5e73\u539f\u3002<\/span><\/span>[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5343\u79a7\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u957f\u6c5f\u4e2d\u6bb5\u7684\u6e56\u5317\u7701\uff0c\u4eb2\u773c\u89c1\u8bc1\u6210\u957f\u4e0e\u8870\u9000\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u57c3\u8482\u5b89\u00b7\u5a01\u5c14\uff08Pierre-\u00c9tienneWill\uff09\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u300c\u6db2\u538b\u5faa\u73af\u300d\u3002<\/span><\/span>[4]<\/a> \u540e\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u660e\u6e05\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u73c0\u5fb7\uff08Peter Perdue\uff09\u5728\u90bb\u8fd1\u7684\u6e56\u5357\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/span>[5]<\/a> \u5468\u671f\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u5824\u575d\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u652f\u51fa\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u793e\u533a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6df9\u6c34\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u519c\u4e1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6269\u5f20\u3002<\/span>\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6210\u957f\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e3a\u8fbe\u6c38\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u800c\u8bbe\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5824\u575d\u7f51\u7edc\u52aa\u529b\u62b5\u5fa1\u538b\u529b\u7684\u52a0\u5267\u3002<\/span>\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u9677\u5165\u6db2\u538b\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u6d2a\u707e\u51f8\u663e\u63a7\u5236\u4f4e\u6c34\u4f4d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9a\u671f\u7684\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u518d\u6b21\u5f00\u59cb\u6295\u8d44\u5824\u575d\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\u624d\u4f1a\u5f00\u59cb\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u91cd\u65b0\u5f00\u59cb\u6db2\u538b\u5faa\u73af\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Yangzi

1931\u5e74\u6d2a\u6c34\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u5824\u575d\u7834\u88c2<\/p>

Source: The Report of the National Flood Relief Commission\n(Accessed at www.archive.org)\n<\/p><\/div>\n

1931\u5e74\u7684\u6d2a\u6c34\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u81ea\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u957f\u6c5f\u6d41\u57df\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\u6db2\u538b\u5371\u673a\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/span>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u662f\u519c\u4e1a\u4e0d\u6c38\u7eed\u6269\u5f20\u6a21\u5f0f\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u5f20\u5bb6\u5f66\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u5371\u673a\u4e5f\u53cd\u6620\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u6e05\u672b\u548c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u65e9\u671f\uff0819\u4e16\u7eaa\u81f31928\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56f0\u96be\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5824\u9632\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u8d39\u548c\u7ef4\u4fee\u8d39\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u88ab\u632a\u7528\u6216\u8f6c\u4e3a\u519b\u961f\u5f00\u652f\u3002<\/span><\/span>[6]<\/a> \u65e0\u6cd5\u6c38\u7eed\u7684\u6210\u957f\u52a0\u4e0a\u5ffd\u89c6\u6cb3\u6d41\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u7d2f\u79ef\u800c\u6210\u4e00\u8fde\u4e32\u7684\u6c34\u60a3\uff0c\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0e\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u88ad\u51fb\u957f\u6c5f\u6d41\u57df\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u867d\u71361931\u5e74\u6c34\u707e\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e\u6291\u538b\u5371\u673a\u7684\u7f13\u6162\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u4f46\u707e\u96be\u7684\u8fd1\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u96e8\u91cf\u3002 <\/span>1930\u5e74\u81f31931\u5e74\u51ac\u5929\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u7279\u522b\u9177\u5bd2\uff0c\u5728\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e0a\u6e38\u7559\u4e0b\u5927\u91cf\u79ef\u96ea\u548c\u51b0\u5757\u3002<\/span>\u7ed3\u51b0\u7684\u6c34\u5e93\u5728\u6625\u5929\u878d\u5316\uff0c\u4e0e\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u8c6a\u96e8\u6c47\u5408\uff0c\u6d8c\u5165\u6cb3\u6d41\u548c\u6e56\u6cca\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u6c34\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/span>[7]<\/a> \u5230\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u5386\u6781\u4e3a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5b63\u98ce\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5723\u5a74\u73b0\u8c61\u5357\u65b9\u632f\u8361\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/span>[8]<\/a> \u957f\u6c5f\u6d41\u57df\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u4e24\u6b21\u98d3\u98ce;\u57281931\u5e74\uff0c\u5149\u662f\u4e03\u6708\u5c31\u6709\u4e03\u4e2a\u98d3\u98ce\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u98ce\u66b4\uff0c\u5728\u5355\u6708\u5185\u964d\u4e0b\u4e00\u500d\u534a\u7684\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u964d\u96e8\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/span>[9]<\/a> \u5373\u4f7f\u7ef4\u62a4\u826f\u597d\u7684\u5824\u575d\uff0c\u4e5f\u594b\u529b\u62b5\u6321\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u6c34\u60a3\u3002<\/span>\u4fdd\u62a4\u957f\u6c5f\u548c\u6dee\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df\u7684\u5730\u533a\u6c34\u575d\u9632\u5fa1\u63aa\u65bd\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\uff0c\u800c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5e94\u5bf9\u3002 <\/span>1931\u5e74\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u88ad\u51fb\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6d2a\u707e\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u5929\u707e\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u7978\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e24\u8005\u7686\u6709\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7ed3\u679c<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

1931\u5e748\u6708\u521d\uff0c\u4e16\u4e0a\u4eba\u53e3\u6700\u7a20\u5bc6\u7684\u5730\u533a\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5728\u6c34\u91cc\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u6d2a\u6c34\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u4f30\u8ba1\u670915\u4e07\u4eba\u6eba\u6c34<\/span><\/span>\u3002[10]<\/a> \u4f4f\u623f\u4e0d\u5408\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u8d2b\u56f0\u793e\u533a\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5373\u65f6\u7684\u707e\u96be\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u5176\u8106\u5f31\u662f\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u3002<\/span>\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6ce2\u6df9\u6ca1\u5371\u9669\u4e2d\u5e78\u5b58\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u9762\u4e34\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u751f\u8ba1\u5371\u673a\u3002<\/span>\u6d2a\u6c34\u51b2\u5237\u590f\u5b63\u6536\u6210\uff0c\u6467\u6bc1\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5907\u7cae\u3002<\/span><\/span>[11]<\/a> \u603b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8e\u6bcf\u6237\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e00\u5e74\u534a\u7684\u51c0\u6536\u5165\u3002<\/span><\/span>[12]<\/a> \u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u6df9\u6c34\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u6301\u7eed\u5230\u79cb\u5b63\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u51ac\u5929\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e8c\u6b21\u786e\u8ba4\u6536\u6210\u7684\u4f5c\u7269\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/object><\/p>\n

\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c34\u707e\u548c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6c34\u575d\u7a81\u53d1\u91cd\u707e\u96be\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Source: British Movietone newsreel, 1931<\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u666e\u904d\u4e0d\u6613\u53d6\u5f97\u7cae\u98df\uff0c\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u751f\u8ba1\u5371\u673a\u4e2d\uff0c\u626e\u6f14\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4f46\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56e0\u7d20\u4e5f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u7cae\u98df\u4ef7\u683c\u5feb\u901f\u4e0a\u6da8\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6d2a\u6c34\u9020\u6210\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u571f\u5730\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u66b4\u8dcc\u3002<\/span><\/span>[13]<\/a> \u77ed\u671f\u5185\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u963f\u9a6c\u8482\u4e9a\u00b7\u68ee\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u300c\u6743\u5229\u5931\u8d25\u300d\u3002<\/span><\/span> [14]<\/a> \u5b83\u4e5f\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u524d\u666f\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u957f\u671f\u7684\u4e0d\u5229\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span>\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ecd\u65e7\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u7cae\u98df\u6216\u4fe1\u8d37\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u80fd\u4ee5\u4f4e\u98ce\u9669\u6761\u4ef6\u83b7\u5f97\u8d2b\u7a77\u90bb\u5c45\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u3002<\/span>\u6d2a\u707e\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee5\u98d9\u6da8\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u4ea7\u51fa\u552e\u7ed9\u539f\u5148\u7684\u4e1a\u4e3b\u3002<\/span>\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6d2a\u6c34\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bfc\u81f4\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u9965\u997f\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6df1\u5316\u957f\u671f\u7684\u8d2b\u56f0\u4e0e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/span>[15]<\/a> \u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e4b\u95f4\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u751f\u5b58\u5371\u673a\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u9632\u788d\u6551\u63f4\u673a\u6784\u5728\u6c34\u707e\u533a\u5206\u914d\u7cae\u98df\uff0c\u5ef6\u8fdf\u519c\u4e1a\u7684\u590d\u82cf\u3002<\/span><\/span>[16]<\/a> \u51b2\u7a81\u533a\u7684\u9965\u8352\u72b6\u51b5\u53d8\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u4e25\u91cd\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u81ea\u76f8\u6b8b\u6740\u3002<\/span><\/span>[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u9965\u8352\u548c\u8425\u517b\u4e0d\u826f\uff0c\u5371\u5bb3\u6c34\u707e\u5730\u533a\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4f46\u75be\u75c5\u662f\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u6700\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/span>\u5927\u91cf\u4eba\u53e3\u6d41\u79bb\u5931\u6240\uff0c\u548c\u536b\u751f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u81f4\u75c5\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span>\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u719f\u6089\u96be\u6c11\u5371\u673a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6d2a\u6c34\u9020\u6210\u7684\u6d41\u79bb\u5931\u6240\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u8fd8\u662f\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u3002<\/span>\u6574\u4e2a\u707e\u533a\uff0c\u4f30\u8ba1\u670940\uff05\u7684\u707e\u6c11\u88ab\u8feb\u79bb\u5f00\u5bb6\u56ed\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u5b89\u5fbd\u5357\u90e8\uff0c61\uff05\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u6210\u4e3a\u96be\u6c11\u3002<\/span><\/span>[18]<\/a> \u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u7559\u5728\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u5c71\u5761\u6216\u6b8b\u5b58\u7684\u5824\u575d\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u5219\u524d\u5f80\u57ce\u5e02\u5bfb\u627e\u4f4f\u6240\u548c\u98df\u7269\u3002<\/span>\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6d2a\u6c34\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u5f71\u54cd\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u70c8\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u76f8\u5f53\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u5824\u9632\u7f51\u7edc\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u635f\u5bb3\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u519c\u6751\u800c\u6d41\u79bb\u5931\u6240\u7684\u96be\u6c11\u5728\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u51e0\u4e4e\u65e0\u6cd5\u5598\u606f\u3002<\/span><\/span>
\n\"Central<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u6d2a\u6c34\u6d41\u5165\u6b66\u6c49\u7684\u626c\u5b50\u6c5f\uff08\u957f\u6c5f\uff09\u4e2d\u90e8\uff0c\u4f30\u8ba1\u6709\u56db\u5341\u4e07\u4eba\u65e0\u5bb6\u53ef\u5f52\u3002<\/span><\/span>[19]<\/a> \u536b\u751f\u7cfb\u7edf\u906d\u5230\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u96be\u6c11\u6324\u5165\u6709\u9650\u7684\u65f1\u5730\uff0c\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u5f88\u5feb\u5f00\u59cb\u9020\u6210\u5927\u6279\u7684\u519c\u6751\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u516c\u6c11\u6b7b\u53bb\u3002<\/span>\u75e2\u75be\uff0c\u4f24\u5bd2\u548c\u970d\u4e71\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7684\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u900f\u8fc7\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u6c34\u6216\u5e26\u539f\u7684\u6606\u866b\u800c\u76f4\u63a5\u4f20\u64ad\u3002<\/span>\u5176\u4ed6\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u5982\u9ebb\u75b9\u548c\u5929\u82b1\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u8fc7\u5ea6\u62e5\u6324\u800c\u589e\u6b96\u3002<\/span>\u6d2a\u6c34\u4e5f\u4e3a\u868a\u5b50\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u6816\u606f\u5730\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u759f\u75be\u75ab\u60c5\u7684\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u4f30\u8ba1\u670930\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002<\/span><\/span>[20]<\/a> \u6de1\u6c34\u8717\u725b\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u540d\u4e3a\u8840\u5438\u866b\u75c5\u7684\u6e7f\u5730\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\uff0c\u5176\u611f\u67d3\u7387\u8fbe\u5230\u9ad8\u5cf0\u3002<\/span><\/span> [21]<\/a> \u603b\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u519c\u6751\u5bb6\u5ead\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u4e2d\u768470\uff05\u548c\u5728\u96be\u6c11\u8425\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u4e2d\u768487\uff05\uff0c\u662f\u6b7b\u4e8e\u6d2a\u6c34\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u75be\u75c5\uff0c<\/span><\/span>[22]<\/a> \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6c34\u707e\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1200\u4e07\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5360\u6700\u5927\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u7b56<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u653f\u5e9c\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5357\u4eac\u653f\u5e9c\u57281927\u5e74\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u8fdb\u884c\u521d\u6b65\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u800c1931\u5e74\u7684\u6d2a\u6c34\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u9996\u6279\u91cd\u5927\u8003\u9a8c\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/span>\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\uff0c\u519b\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u66fe\u5728\u524d\u5341\u5e74\u63a7\u5236\u4e2d\u56fd\u533a\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u6551\u707e\u529f\u80fd\u5df2\u88ab\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u9645\u9965\u997f\u6551\u6d4e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08CIFRC\uff09\u7b49\u4e2d\u5916\u7ec4\u7ec7\u63a5\u7ba1\u3002<\/span><\/span>[23]<\/a> \u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5ba2\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c1931\u5e74\u7684\u6c34\u707e\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u91cd\u65b0\u83b7\u5f97\u63a7\u5236\u5168\u56fd\u6551\u707e\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u5bf9\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u653f\u6743\u800c\u8a00\u4e5f\u662f\u5c55\u73b0\u91c7\u7528\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u5e94\u5bf9\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/span>[24]<\/a> \u968f\u7740\u707e\u96be\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\uff0c\u8eab\u4e3a\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u59bb\u8205\u7684\u5b8b\u5b50\u6587\u8d5e\u52a9\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u9965\u8352\u6551\u96be\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span><\/span>\u3002[25]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u56fd\u5bb6\u9965\u8352\u6551\u96be\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8058\u8bf7\u4e00\u6279\u4e2d\u5916\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u5b66\u5bb6\u5434\u8fde\u5fb7\uff0c\u536b\u751f\u90e8\u957f\u5218\u745e\u6052\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u683c\u5170\u7279\u548c\u6db2\u538b\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u5965\u5229\u4f5b\u00b7\u6258\u5fb7\u7b49\u4eba\u58eb\u3002<\/span>\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u98de\u884c\u5458\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u548c\u5b89\u59ae\u00b7\u6797\u5fb7\u4f2f\u683c\u4e5f\u53c2\u4e0e\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u59d4\u6258\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u6709\u5173\u6d2a\u6c34\u533a\u7684\u7a7a\u4e2d\u8c03\u67e5\u3002<\/span><\/span>[26]<\/a> \u867d\u7136\u5b8b\u5b50\u6587\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u9965\u8352\u6551\u96be\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\u9762\u4e34\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u5b89\u5b9a\u548c\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c\u65e5\u540e\u6267\u884c\u6551\u63f4\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u59d4\u6258\u7ed9\u56fd\u5bb6\u8054\u76df\u6d3e\u9063\u7684\u96be\u6c11\u4e13\u5458\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u970d\u666e<\/span>\u00b7\u8f9b\u666e\u68ee\uff08John Hope Simpson\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u4ed6\u534f\u52a9\u6551\u63f4\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Chinese

\u300c\u633d\u6551\u751f\u547d\uff01 \u300d\uff1a1931\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u62a5\u7eb8\u6f2b\u753b<\/p>

Source: Zhongyang ribao, 3 September 1931; image provided by the author.<\/p><\/div>\n

\u6d2a\u6c34\u5f15\u53d1\u56fd\u5185\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u6177\u6168\u7684\u6148\u5584\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4fa8\u63d0\u4f9b\u7279\u5927\u7b14\u7684\u6350\u6b3e\u3002<\/span>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed8\u51fa\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u76f4\u81f31931\u5e74\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u9965\u8352\u6551\u96be\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u9677\u5165\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56f0\u5883\u3002<\/span>\u6700\u521d\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u900f\u8fc7\u53d1\u884c\u503a\u5238\u6765\u8d44\u52a9\u6551\u63f4\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u65e5\u672c\u5165\u4fb5\u6ee1\u6d32\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u503a\u5238\u5e02\u573a\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/span><\/span>[27]<\/a> \u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u9965\u8352\u6551\u96be\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8bbe\u6cd5\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4ea4\u6d89\uff0c\u7528\u8d37\u6b3e\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d6\u5f97\u5c0f\u9ea6\u548c\u9762\u7c89\u3002<\/span>\u7ec8\u4e8e\u83b7\u5f97\u8d44\u91d1\u652f\u63f4\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u9965\u8352\u6551\u96be\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u707e\u533a\u53d1\u653e\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6551\u63f4\u7269\u8d44\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6d2a\u6c34\u6467\u6bc1\u8bb8\u591a\u901a\u8baf\u548c\u8fd0\u8f93\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u4ea4\u6218\u4e0e\u5185\u6218\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002 <\/span>1932\u5e74\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u6d77\u519b\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u8981\u5c06\u7cae\u98df\u8f93\u5165\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u8239\u8236\u5fc5\u987b\u4ea4\u6d89\u8c08\u5224\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u6d77\u519b\u7684\u8239\u53ea\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u3002<\/span>\u5378\u4e0b\u6551\u707e\u7cae\u98df\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u9965\u8352\u6551\u96be\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u7269\u8d44\u8fd0\u5f80\u4e0a\u6e38\u3002<\/span>\u6b64\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u7a7f\u8fc7\u6076\u52a3\u7684\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u91cc\u6709\u571f\u532a\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u653b\u51fb\u8239\u53ea\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u8865\u7ed9\u54c1\u3001\u7ed1\u67b6\u6551\u707e\u4eba\u5458\u3002<\/span><\/span>[28]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u6d2a\u707e\u8fc7\u540e\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u9965\u8352\u6551\u96be\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u88ab\u6b4c\u9882\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6218\u80dc\u9006\u5883\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u80dc\u5229\u3002<\/span>\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u6551\u6d4e\u8ba1\u753b\u7279\u522b\u53d7\u5230\u8d5e\u626c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u767e\u4e00\u5341\u4e07\u540d\u5de5\u4eba\u57281932\u5e74\u4e0a\u534a\u5e74\u53d7\u96c7\u91cd\u5efa\u8fd12000\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u5824\u575d\u3002<\/span><\/span>[29]<\/a> \u77ed\u77ed\u516d\u4e2a\u6708\u5185\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u571f\u65b9\u5de5\u7a0b\u91cf\u636e\u8bf4\u8db3\u4ee5\u5efa\u9020\u4e24\u7c73\u9ad8\uff0c\u4e24\u7c73\u5bbd\uff0c\u7ea6\u8d64\u9053\u5168\u957f\u7684\u5824\u575d\u3002 <\/span>[30] \u6551\u63f4\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e5f\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5e76\u7834\u574f\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u6b65\u9aa4\u3002<\/span><\/span>[31]<\/a> \u707e\u96be\u53d1\u751f\u540e\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u91cd\u5efa\u519c\u4e1a\u793e\u533a\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u88ab\u6539\u9020\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u519c\u6751\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/span>[32]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u5b98\u65b9\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u662f\u4e00\u9762\u5012\u7684\u6b63\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6551\u63f4\u6d3b\u52a8\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6551\u63f4\u8425\u5730\u9488\u5bf9\u6c11\u4f17\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u975e\u6cd5\u5360\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u96be\u6c11\u7ecf\u5386\u6781\u9ad8\u7684\u75c5\u6b7b\u4eba\u6570\u3002<\/span>\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6551\u96be\u8425\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u8fdc\u8fdc\u9ad8\u4e8e\u519c\u6751\u793e\u533a\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u3002<\/span><\/span>[33]<\/a> \u6563\u64ad\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u6551\u96be\u8425\u7684\u9ebb\u75b9\uff0c\u5149\u662f\u57281991\u5e7412\u6708\u5c31\u9020\u62101491\u4eba\u611f\u67d3\uff0c682\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u513f\u7ae5\u3002<\/span><\/span>[34]<\/a> \u5728\u6c5f\u897f\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6551\u96be\u8425\uff0c\u5728\u77ed\u77ed\u4e09\u4e2a\u6708\u518520499\u540d\u96be\u6c11\u4e2d\u67092,476\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u5e74\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u8fbe48.9\uff05\u3002<\/span><\/span>[35]<\/a> \u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u662f\u4eba\u53e3\u6d41\u79bb\u5931\u6240\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4e3a\u9632\u6b62\u96be\u6c11\u6270\u4e71\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4f5c\u51fa\u9002\u5f53\u5b89\u6392\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5f3a\u8feb\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fdb\u5165\u96be\u6c11\u8425\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u6b66\u6c49\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u519b\u65b9\u786e\u4fe1\u96be\u6c11\u4eba\u53e3\u662f\u85cf\u533f\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5458\u3002<\/span>\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6570\u5343\u4eba\u5728\u88ab\u67aa\u53e3\u62b5\u4f4f\u4e0b\u79bb\u5f00\u8857\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u8fd0\u5230\u8425\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u56e0\u4e3a\u75be\u75c5\u800c\u6b7b\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u4ecd\u7136\u5f88\u9ad8\u3002<\/span><\/span>[36]<\/a> \u7f8e\u56fd\u5c0f\u9ea6\u8d37\u6b3e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e5f\u6bd4\u5b98\u65b9\u62a5\u544a\u6240\u8ba4\u5b9a\u7684\u66f4\u4e3a\u6a21\u7cca\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u5927\u6279\u8f6c\u8fd0\u5916\u56fd\u7cae\u98df\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u6148\u5584\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f46\u8d37\u6b3e\u6761\u6b3e\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u663e\u8457\u6709\u5229\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5bfb\u6c42\u624b\u6bb5\u6765\u5378\u8f7d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u635f\u5931\u7684\u5269\u4f59\u5c0f\u9ea6\u3002<\/span>\u867d\u7136\u7d27\u6025\u6551\u63f4\u5e2e\u52a9\u8bb8\u591a\u96be\u6c11\u5728\u6fc0\u70c8\u9965\u997f\u671f\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fdb\u53e3\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5c0f\u9ea6\u548c\u9762\u7c89\u6709\u8d1f\u9762\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5265\u593a\u5f53\u5730\u519c\u6c11\u548c\u5236\u7c89\u4e1a\u8005\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u5e02\u573a\u3002<\/span><\/span>[37]<\/a> \u6709\u9274\u4e8e\u6062\u590d\u5824\u9632\u7f51\u7edc\u5177\u6709\u538b\u5012\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u6551\u6d4e\u8d37\u6b3e\u7684\u4e0d\u826f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3002<\/span>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u5f85\u5386\u53f2\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u9965\u8352\u6551\u96be\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u50cf\u4e4b\u524d\u6240\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u90a3\u4e48\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/span>\u5f53\u957f\u6c5f\u57281935\u5e74\u7ecf\u5386\u8d85\u5927\u96e8\u91cf\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5824\u575d\u518d\u6b21\u6e83\u5824\uff0c\u4f7f\u8be5\u533a\u9677\u5165\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u906d\u53d7\u53e6\u4e00\u573a\u6d2a\u707e\u3002<\/span><\/span>[38]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u793e\u4f1a\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u6551\u63f4\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5927\u591a\u65701931\u5e74\u6d2a\u6c34\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7126\u70b9\u3002<\/span>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u6c34\u707e\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u53cd\u5e94\u3002<\/span>\u65e9\u5728\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\u63f4\u52a9\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u707e\u533a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5411\u540c\u80de\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u6551\u6d4e\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u5e1d\u56fd\u672b\u671f\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u707e\u96be\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u516c\u4f1a\u3001\u6148\u5584\u534f\u4f1a\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u673a\u6784\u63d0\u4f9b\u98df\u7269\u4e0e\u4f4f\u6240\u7ed9\u5927\u6279\u96be\u6c11\u3002<\/span><\/span>[39]<\/a> \u6d2a\u6c34\u59cb\u4e8e\u6625\u672b\uff0c\u4f46\u7f8e\u56fd\u8f7d\u8fd0\u7684\u9996\u6279\u6551\u63f4\u7cae\u98df\u572811\u6708\u624d\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e0a\u6d77\u3002<\/span>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u6c34\u707e\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u884c\u52a8\u5728\u534f\u52a9\u96be\u6c11\u65b9\u9762\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6c34\u60a3\u5730\u533a\u4eba\u6c11\u80fd\u591f\u5b58\u6d3b\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u4ece\u68c0\u89c6\u6148\u5584\u673a\u6784\u548c\u6551\u6d4e\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/span>\u6c34\u707e\u707e\u6c11\u6839\u636e\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5e94\u5bf9\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/span>\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f4f\u5728\u519c\u6751\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u641c\u5bfb\u91ce\u751f\u7684\u6e7f\u5730\u98df\u7269\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6c34\u751f\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u9c7c\u7c7b\u548c\u6c34\u79bd\u3002<\/span><\/span>[40]<\/a> \u524d\u5f80\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u96be\u6c11\u51fa\u79df\u5bb6\u7528\u8222\u677f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6c34\u4e0a\u8ba1\u7a0b\u8f66\u6765\u8d5a\u94b1\u3002<\/span>\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5219\u91c7\u53d6\u66f4\u5b64\u6ce8\u4e00\u63b7\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4e5e\u8ba8\u3001\u5077\u7a83\u548c\u5356\u6deb\u3002<\/span><\/span>[41]<\/a> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u53d7\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u7f9e\u8fb1\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7981\u6b62\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u7b56\u5374\u5e2e\u52a9\u96be\u6c11\u5728\u5265\u593a\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u80fd\u591f\u5b58\u6d3b\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u53f2\u5730\u6982\u89c2<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

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\u81ea1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u707e\u5bb3\u53f2\u91c7\u53d6\u66f4\u4e3a\u7ec6\u5fae\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span>\u4e00\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u56e2\u961f\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5305\u542b1931\u5e74\u6c34\u707e\uff0c\u9887\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u540d\u4e3a\u300c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5341\u5927\u707e\u5bb3\u300d\u3002<\/span>\u9488\u5bf9\u9020\u6210\u707e\u5bb3\u7684\u73af\u5883\u548c\u4eba\u4e3a\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u603b\u4f53\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5e76\u63cf\u8ff0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u540e\u679c\u3002<\/span>\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u4e5f\u505a\u8bb8\u591a\u707e\u533a\u5f53\u5730\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span>\u65b9\u5de7\u6885\u63a2\u8ba8\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u6c34\u5229\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u5d29\u89e3\u4f7f\u5f97\u6b66\u6c49\u6613\u60a3\u6c34\u707e\u3002<\/span>\u5f20\u6ce2\uff0c\u5b54\u7965\u6210\u7b49\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u90fd\u5173\u6ce8\u5730\u65b9\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u6551\u707e\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/span>\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u63d0\u4f9b\u707e\u96be\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u662f\u674e\u6c81\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u674e\u6c81\u7814\u7a761930\u5e74\u4ee3\u957f\u6c5f\u4e2d\u6bb5\u533a\u7684\u6c34\u707e\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6d2a\u6c34\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ee5\u5916\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u8f83\u5c11\u3002<\/span>\u674e\u8389\u83b2\u6240\u8457\u7684\u300a\u5bf9\u6297\u534e\u5317\u9965\u8352\u300b\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6839\u636e\u6551\u6d4e\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u7b80\u77ed\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u6c34\u707e\uff0c\u5979\u5bf9\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u5bf9\u7b56\u7ed9\u4e88\u76f8\u5f53\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002 <\/span>Iris Borowy \u5728Uneasy Encounters \u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df\u5728\u707e\u5bb3\u4e2d\u534f\u52a9\u533b\u7597\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u300a\u62ef\u6551\u56fd\u5bb6\u300b\uff0c\u739b\u683c\u4e3d\u5854\u00b7\u624e\u7eb3\u897f\uff08Margherita Zanasi\uff09\u5ba1\u89c6\u6551\u707e\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u89c6\u5176\u4e3a1930\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u67d0\u4e9b\u6d3e\u522b\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002 <\/span>David Pietz\u7684\u300a\u6253\u9020\u56fd\u5bb6\u300b\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u6700\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u5728\u6dee\u6cb3\u4fdd\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u6c34\u707e\u7684\u4e00\u7ae0\u3002<\/span>\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u00b7\u8003\u7279\u5c3c\uff08Chris Courtney\uff09\u5728\u6b66\u6c49\u5e02\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u666e\u7f57\u5927\u4f17\u5bf91931\u5e74\u6d2a\u6c34\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/span>\u4ed6\u5373\u5c06\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4e13\u8457\u63d0\u4f9b\u90a3\u6b21\u6c34\u707e\u7684\u73af\u5883\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

1931\u5e74\u7684\u6d2a\u6c34\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u8bb8\u591a\u4e2d\u6587\u548c\u82f1\u6587\u8d44\u6599\u3002<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u6551\u707e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u4ece\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u5168\u9762\u5206\u6790\u6551\u707e\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span>\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u81ea\u201c1931\u5e74\u6d2a\u6c34\uff1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8c03\u67e5\u201d\u3002<\/span>\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u662f\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u56e2\u961f\u5728\u8457\u540d\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u65af\u5766\u4e01\u00b7\u5df4\u514b\uff08John Lossing Buck\uff09\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u6240\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u9879\u8c03\u67e5\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/span>\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5fd7\u8be6\u7ec6\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u707e\u96be\u53d1\u5c55\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u800c\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u8d44\u6599\uff08\u6587\u53f2\u8d44\u6599\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u81ea1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u8bb0\u8f7d\u7684\u6d2a\u6c34\u53e3\u8ff0\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/span>\u6e56\u5317\u7701\u6863\u6848\u9986\u6574\u7406\u8bb8\u591a\u4e3b\u8981\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u5e9c\u7535\u62a5\uff0c\u8b66\u65b9\u62a5\u544a\u7b49\uff0c\u5e76\u51fa\u7248\u4e00\u518c\u4e66\uff0c\u540d\u4e3a1931\u5e74\u6e56\u5317\u7701\u6d2a\u6c34\u707e\u5bb3\u7684\u7cbe\u9009\u6863\u6848\u6750\u6599\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6d2a\u6c34\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5e78\u540e\u679c\u662f\u5370\u5237\u673a\u6df9\u6c34\u3002<\/span>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u62a5\u5bfc\u662f\u5728\u707e\u533a\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5730\u533a\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/span>\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u4e2d\u9633\u65e5\u62a5\uff0c\u6c88\u9633\u5929\u6d25\u7684\u5927\u516c\u62a5\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6\u6e2f\u53e3\u671f\u520a\u6d3e\u9063\u8bb0\u8005\u8c03\u67e5\u6d2a\u6c34\u533a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/span>\u6709\u5173\u4e13\u4e1a\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5982\u6c34\u6587\u548c\u6c14\u8c61\u5b66\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e13\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u671f\u520a\u5982Shuili\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u3002<\/span>\u5f53\u4ee3\u6700\u597d\u7684\u6c34\u707e\u65b0\u95fb\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u5927\u6c49\u53e3\u6d2a\u6c34\uff08\u6c49\u53e3\u5927\u6c34\u7eaa\uff09\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u540d\u53eb\u8c22\u524d\u8302\u7684\u8bb0\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u707e\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\u6240\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u957f\u7bc7\u4e13\u8457\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5bb6\u4e61\u6b66\u6c49\u6df9\u6c34\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u6210\u4e3a\u96be\u6c11\u3002<\/span>\u9664\u4e2d\u6587\u65b0\u95fb\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u534e\u5317\u5148\u9a71\u62a5\u7b49\u62a5\u7eb8\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u5173\u6d2a\u6c34\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u62a5\u5bfc\u3002 <\/span>\u300a\u4f26\u6566\u65b0\u95fb\u753b\u62a5\u300b\u520a\u767b\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u707e\u96be\u7167\u7247\u3002<\/span>\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u671f\u520a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u8005\u300b\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u53c2\u4e0e\u6551\u707e\u5de5\u4f5c\u63d0\u4f9b\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6d2a\u6c34\u4e5f\u5f15\u53d1\u8bb8\u591a\u6587\u5316\u53cd\u5e94\u3002<\/span>\u6700\u6709\u540d\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u54cd\u5e94\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5bb6\u4e01\u73b2\u6240\u5199\u7684\u77ed\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u201c\u6c34\u300b\uff08\u6c34\uff09\u201d\u3002<\/span>\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u73cd\u73e0\u00b7\u5df4\u514b\uff08Pearl Buck\uff09\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5173\u4e8e\u6d2a\u6c34\u7684\u77ed\u7bc7\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u65e0\u7ebf\u7535\u6536\u97f3\u673a\u542c\u5230\uff0c\u4ee5\u6fc0\u53d1\u6148\u5584\u6350\u6b3e\u3002<\/span>\u8bb8\u591a\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u300a\u7b2c\u4e00\u592b\u4eba\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u3002<\/span>\u6c34\u707e\u540e\uff0c\u62cd\u6444\u4e00\u90e8\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u72c2\u6f6e\u6d2a\u6d41\u300b\u7684\u7535\u5f71\uff0c\u63cf\u7ed8\u6e56\u5317\u6c34\u707e\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u865a\u6784\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002<\/span>\u867d\u7136\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7559\u4e0b\u8fd9\u90e8\u7535\u5f71\u7684\u62f7\u8d1d\uff0c\u4f46\u539f\u521b\u5267\u672c\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span>[42]<\/a> \u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5b89\u59ae\u00b7\u6797\u5fb7\u4f2f\u683c\uff08Anne Lindbergh\uff09\u5199\u4e0b\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u5979\u9a7e\u9a76\u98de\u673a\u98de\u8d8a\u707e\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed8\u5236\u5730\u56fe\u6807\u793a\u5979\u7684\u4e08\u592b\u5c1d\u8bd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u533b\u7597\u7528\u54c1\u7ed9\u707e\u6c11\u5374\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6307\u6807<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

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\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5c11\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u63d0\u5230\u9488\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u6240\u505a\u7684\u6700\u53ef\u9760\u548c\u6700\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u8be5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u88ab\u520a\u767b\u5728\u300a1931\u5e74\u6d2a\u6c34\uff1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8c03\u67e5\u300b\u4e2d\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u9879\u8c03\u67e5\u662f\u6839\u636e\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e2\u961f\uff0c\u7531\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u4e39\u00b7\u5df4\u514b\uff08John Lossing Buck\uff09\u5e26\u9886\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u6d2a\u6c34\u533a\u7edf\u8ba1\u8c03\u67e5\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u9879\u8c03\u67e5\u4e0b\u4e86\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u5728\u6c34\u707e\u7684\u524d100\u5929\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u670915\u4e07\u4eba\u6eba\u6c34\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u4e00\u6570\u5b57\u4e0d\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u7684\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/span>\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6740\u624b\u662f\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u5360\u5168\u90e8\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u768470\uff05\u3002<\/span>\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u867d\u7136\u4ece\u4e0d\u660e\u8bb2\u5374\u6697\u793a\u7740\uff0c\u6c34\u707e\u7684\u524d\u4e00\u767e\u5929\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u4e3a625,000\u3002<\/span>\u4e3e\u8bc1\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7814\u7a76\u672c\u8eab\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u90fd\u8868\u793a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u5927\u5927\u4f4e\u4f30\u4e86\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/span>\u6269\u5927\u5230\u6db5\u76d6\u6301\u7eed\u7ea6\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u707e\u96be\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6d2a\u6c34\u6551\u96be\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6240\u520a\u767b\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570200\u4e07\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u65e0\u7406\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5730\u7406\u8303\u56f4\uff1a181,500\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u3002<\/span>\u6d2a\u6c34\u4e25\u91cd\u5f71\u54cd\u9762\u79ef169000\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u6cb3\u6d41\u548c\u6e56\u6cca\u3002<\/span>\u53e6\u670912,500\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u5730\u533a\u6df9\u6c34\uff0c\u4f46\u5f71\u54cd\u8f83\u5c0f\u3002<\/span>\u6d2a\u6c34\u533a\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u82cf\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5dde\u52a0\u4e0a\u65b0\u6cfd\u897f\u5dde\u548c\u5eb7\u6d85\u72c4\u683c\u5dde\u3002<\/span>\u957f\u6c5f\u548c\u6dee\u6cb3\u662f\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u6cb3\u6d41\uff0c\u6d2a\u6c34\u6cdb\u6ee5\u4e5f\u5f71\u54cd\u9ec4\u6cb3\u548c\u5927\u8fd0\u6cb3\u3002<\/span>\u6838\u5fc3\u6d2a\u6c34\u533a\u5305\u62ec\u5b89\u5fbd\u3001\u6e56\u5317\u3001\u6e56\u5357\u3001\u6c5f\u82cf\u3001\u6d59\u6c5f\u3001\u6c5f\u897f\u3001\u6cb3\u5357\u3001\u5c71\u4e1c\u516b\u7701\u3002<\/span>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f80\u5357\u53ef\u5230\u73e0\u6c5f\uff0c\u5f80\u5317\u53ef\u8fdc\u81f3\u677e\u82b1\u6c5f\u548c\u9e2d\u7eff\u6c5f\uff0c\u90fd\u51fa\u73b0\u5730\u533a\u6027\u7684\u6df9\u6c34\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\uff1a5200\u4e07\u3002<\/span>\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u6d2a\u6c34\u5f71\u54cd\u4e862500\u4e07\u4eba\u3002 <\/span>Li\u7b49\u4eba\u8868\u793a\u771f\u5b9e\u6570\u5b57\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u63a5\u8fd15300\u4e07\u3002<\/span>\u6574\u4e2a\u6d2a\u6c34\u533a\u5e73\u574740\uff05\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u6210\u4e3a\u96be\u6c11\u3002<\/span>\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5b89\u5fbd\u5357\u90e8\uff0c\u670961\uff05\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u56e0\u4e3a\u6d2a\u6c34\u800c\u6d41\u79bb\u5931\u6240\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a1\u5e74\u3002<\/span>\u666f\u89c2\u6df9\u6c34\u59cb\u4e8e1931\u5e74\u6625\u5929\u3002<\/span>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6d2a\u6c34\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u51ac\u5b63\u5df2\u7ecf\u6d88\u9000\uff0c\u4f46\u6d9d\u707e\u3001\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u53d7\u635f\u3001\u548c\u96be\u6c11\u6d41\u79bb\u5931\u6240\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u4ecd\u7136\u6301\u7eed\u5230\u9694\u5e74\u6625\u5b63\u3002<\/span>\u6d2a\u6c34\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u9965\u8352\u548c\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u81f3\u5c11\u6301\u7eed\u52301932\u5e74\u7684\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u800c\u611f\u67d3\u5730\u65b9\u75c5\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u707e\u96be\u51cf\u8f7b\u540e\u4f9d\u65e7\u53d7\u82e6\u591a\u5e74\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u00b7\u8003\u7279\u5c3c\uff08Chris Courtney\uff09\u662f\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66Gonville\u548cCaius\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u5458<\/b>
\n\u7ffb\u8bd1: \u90b1\u5955\u9f50 <\/b><\/p>\n

\n

\u7ffb\u8bd1<\/h4>\n

[1]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Cheng Xiao, Liu Yangdong and Xia Mingfang, Zhongguo jindai shi da zaihuang (The ten great famines of China\u2019s modern period)<\/em> (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1994), p203.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> On the effect of climate on flooding see Zhang Qiang, Marco Gemmer and Chen Jiaqi , \u201cClimate Changes and Flood\/Drought Risk in the Yangtze Delta, China, During the Past Millennium,\u201d Quaternary International<\/em> 176-177 (2008): pp. 62-69.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> On Hubei see Pierre-\u00c9tienne Will, ‘State Intervention in the Administration of a Hydraulic Infrastructure: The Example of Hubei Province in Late Imperial Times’, in The Scope of State Power in China<\/em>, ed. by Stuart R. Schram (Hong Kong: Chinese University press, 1985). Yin Hongfu, Liu Guangrun, Pi Jiangao, Chen Guojin and Li Changan, \u201cOn the River\u2013Lake Relationship of the Middle Yangtze Reaches,\u201d Geomorphology<\/em> 85 (2007): 197\u2013207. On Hunan see Peter C. Perdue, Exhausting the Earth: State and Peasant in Hunan, 1500-1850<\/em> (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1987).<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Pierre-\u00c9tienne Will, ‘Une cycle hydraulique en Chine: La province du Hubei du XVle au XIXe si\u00e8cles (A hydraulic cycle in China: The province of Hubei from the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries)’, Bulletin de l\u2019\u00e9cole Fran\u00e7aise d\u2019Extreme Orient<\/em>, 68 (1980), pp. 261\u2013288<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Perdue, Exhausting the Earth<\/em><\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Zhang Jiayan, Coping with Calamity: Environmental Change and Peasant Response in Central China, 1736-1949<\/em> (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2014).<\/p>\n

[7]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> William Barrett, The Red Lacquered Gate: The Early Days of the Columban Fathers and the Courage of its Founder Fr. Edward Galvin<\/em> (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1967), p. 265.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> On links between Yangzi floods and El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation see for example Jiang Tong, Zhang Qiang, Zhu Deming and Wu Yijin, \u201cYangtze floods and droughts (China) and teleconnections with ENSO activities (1470\u20132003),\u201d Quaternary International<\/em>, no. 144 (2006): pp. 29\u201337. W. A. Gough, T. Jiang, and H.T. Kung Y.J. Wu, \u201cThe Variation of Floods in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River and its teleconnection with El Ni\u00f1o events,\u201d Advances in Geosciences<\/em>, February 2006: pp. 201-205. On 1931 as an El Ni\u00f1o year see Ross Couper-Johnston, El Ni\u00f1o: The Weather Phenomenon that Changed the World<\/em> (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 2001), pp.128-129<\/p>\n

[9]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> John Lossing Buck eds. The 1931 Flood in China: An Economic Survey<\/em>, (Nanking: The University of Nanking, 1932), p.8.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Buck, The 1931 Flood<\/em>, p.35.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Ibid. Y. Y. Kueh, Agricultural Instability in China, 1931-1990: Weather, Technology, and Institutions<\/em> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p.178<\/p>\n

[12]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Buck, The 1931 Flood<\/em>, p.12<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Ibid, p.39.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Amartya Sen, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation<\/em> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981).<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Buck, The 1931 Flood<\/em>, p.38<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> The government perspective on this conflict is covered extensively in National Flood Relief Commission 1931-1932, Report of the National Flood Relief Commission 1931-1932<\/em>, (Shanghai:, 1933). (Herafter NFRC). For a criticial view of the Guomindang\u2019s role in the conflict see Cheng et al. Zhongguo jindai shi da zaihuang<\/em>, pp.207-208<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Edmund Clubb, Communism in China: As Reported from Hankow in 1932<\/em> (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1968), p.104. David A. Pietz, Engineering the State: The Huai River and Reconstruction in Nationalist China, 1927-1937<\/em> (London: Routledge, 2002), p68. Ouyang Tieguang, ‘Zaihuang yu nongmin de shengcun weiji\u2014\u2014yi 20 shiji 30 niandai qianqi changjiang zhong xiayou diqu wei zhongxin (Famine and Peasant Crisis Survival \uff0d The Middle Yangzi Region in the 1930s)’, 7 (2006).<\/p>\n

[18]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Buck, The 1931 Flood<\/em>, p.33.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Xie Qianmao, Yijiusanyi nian Hankou dashui ji (The Great 1931 Hankou Flood) <\/em>(Hankou: Hankou jianghan yinshuguan, 1931), p.107.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Ka-Che Yip, \u201cDisease, Society and the State: Malaria and Healthcare in Mainland China,\u201d in Disease, Colonialism, and the State: Malaria in Modern East Asian History<\/em>, ed. Ka-Che Yip, 103-120 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2009), p.104.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Pi Mingxiu eds. Wuhan tongshi: Minguo juan (xia) (A Comprehensive History of Wuhan: The Republican Period (Part Two) <\/em>(Wuhan: Wuhan Chubanshe, 2006), p.222.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Buck, The 1931 Flood<\/em>, p.37.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> For a classic study of this organization see Andrew James Nathan, A History of the China International Famine Relief Commission<\/em> (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965).<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Lillian M. Li, Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s-1990s<\/em> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007), p.306.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> NFRC Chapter 1.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> Anne Morrow Lindbergh, North to the Orient<\/em> (USA: Tess Press, 2004 [1935]), pp.137-154<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> NFRC, p.18.<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> NFRC Chapter 3.<\/p>\n

[29]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> NFRC, pp. 114, 124, 110, 138-139.<\/p>\n

[30]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> NFRC, p.139.<\/p>\n

[31]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> NFRC, pp.193-194.<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a> Margherita Zanasi, Saving the Nation: Economic Modernity in Republican China<\/em> (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2006).<\/p>\n

[33]<\/a> Buck, The 1931 Flood<\/em>, p.44.<\/p>\n

[34]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> NFRC, p. 169<\/p>\n

[35]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> NFRC, pp. 74-75.<\/p>\n

[36]<\/a> John Hope Simpson, \u201cHope Simpson to F.B. Bourdillon\u201d February 23rd<\/sup> 1932 John Hope Simpson Papers<\/em>, Folder 6 (i), Balliol College Archives, Oxford; North China Herald,<\/em> \u201cWuhan Cities Faced With Famine Conditions\u201d August 25th<\/sup> 1931.<\/p>\n

[37]<\/a> Pietz, Engineering the State<\/em>, pp. 65-68; Qiu Huafei, \u201c1931 nian Zhong-Mei xiaomai jiekuan deshi yanjiu (A Study of the 1931 Sino-American Wheat Loan Issue)\u201d Jianghai xuekan<\/em>, no. 2 (2001).<\/p>\n

[38]<\/a> Li, Fighting Famine<\/em>, p.285<\/p>\n

[39]<\/a> The Chinese Recorder,<\/em> November, 1932: 667 \u2013 680; Zhang Bo, \u201cLun zhengfu zai zaihuang jiuji zhong de zuoyong – yi Wuhan 1931 nian shuizai wei ge’an de kaocha (An Examination of the Effectiveness of Government Disaster Relief \u2013 Using the Wuhan flood 1931 as a Case Study).\u201d Jianghan Tribune<\/em>, December 2006: pp.87-90. Similar low level relief had continued to play an important role in famine relief in the early 1920s see Pierre Fuller, ‘North China Famine Revisited: Unsung Native Relief in the Warlord Era, 1920-21’, Modern Asian Studies<\/em>, 47 (2013), pp.820-50.<\/p>\n

[40]<\/a> NFRC, p.62. Edmund Clubb, \u201cThe Floods of China, a National Disaster,\u201d Journal of Geography<\/em> 31 (January\/December 1932): 205-206. Clubb, Communism in China<\/em>, p.105.<\/p>\n

[41]<\/a> Contemporary media reports contain numerous descriptions of such behavior see for example Guo Jingrong, Guo wen zhoukan<\/em> 8, no. 36 (1931).<\/p>\n

[42]<\/a> In Zhongguo wusheng dianying juben (Scripts of Chinese silent films)<\/em>, ed. by Peiwei Zheng and Guiqing Liu (Beijing: Zhongguo dianying chubanshe, 1996).<\/p>\n

\u539f\u4ef6\u8cc7\u6599<\/h4>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u671f\u520a\u548c\u62a5\u7eb8<\/b><\/p>\n

The Chinese Recorder<\/em>
\nDa Gongbao<\/em>
\nFunu gongming<\/em>
\nGuowen zhoukan<\/em>
\nNongmin jiaoyu<\/em>
\nThe North China Herald<\/em>
\nShenbao<\/em>
\nShenghuo<\/em>
\nShuili<\/em>
\nTime Magazine<\/em>
\nXinminbao<\/em>
\nYaxi yabao<\/em>
\nZhongyang Ribao<\/em><\/p>\n

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Todd, Oliver J. Two Decades in China.<\/em> Ch’eng Wen Publishing Company, 1971.<\/p>\n

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Tu Wangchang. \u201cOn the Relation between the Great Flood of 1931, The Drought of 1934 and the Centres of Action in the Far East.\u201d Guoli Zhongyang yanjiu yuan qixiang yanjiu suo jikan<\/em> 10 (1937).<\/p>\n

Wu Changzhe and Wu Liande. Haigang jianyi guanli chu baogao shu (Report of the Maritime Quarantine Office).<\/em> Vol. 2. Shanghai: Shanghai tushuguan cangshu, 1932.<\/p>\n

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Yorke, Gerald. China Changes.<\/em> London: Jonathan Cape, 1935.<\/p>\n

Zheng Peiwei and Liu Guiqing. \u201cKuangliu (Raging Torrent)\u201d Zhongguo wusheng dianying juben (Scripts of Chinese silent films).<\/em> Beijing: Zhongguo dianying chubanshe, 1996: pp. 2373-2396<\/p>\n

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Borowy, Iris. \u201cThinking Big: League of Nations Efforts towards a Reformed National Health System in China.\u201d In Uneasy Encounters: The Politics of Medicine and Health in China 1900-1937<\/em>, edited by Iris Borowy. Frankfurt and New York: Peter Lang, 2009.<\/p>\n

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– \u201cUne cycle hydraulique en Chine: La province du Hubei du xvle au xixe si\u00e8cles (A hydraulic cycle in China: The province of Hubei from the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries).\u201d Bulletin de l\u2019\u00e9cole Fran\u00e7aise d\u2019Extreme Orient<\/em> 68 (1980): 261\u2013288.<\/p>\n

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Wu Yijin, William A. Gough, Jiang Tong, Wang Xuelei, and Jin Weibin. \u201cThe Trend and Fluctuation of Historical Floods in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River.\u201d Wuhan University of Natural Sciences<\/em> 8 (2003): 91-94.<\/p>\n

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