{"id":748,"date":"2018-02-10T15:18:47","date_gmt":"2018-02-10T15:18:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/?p=748"},"modified":"2018-02-11T15:51:47","modified_gmt":"2018-02-11T15:51:47","slug":"%e8%8f%af%e5%8c%97%e9%a5%91%e8%8d%921876-79","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/disasterhistory.org\/zh-CN\/%e8%8f%af%e5%8c%97%e9%a5%91%e8%8d%921876-79","title":{"rendered":"\u534e\u5317\u9965\u8352,1876-79"},"content":{"rendered":"

English<\/a> \u7e41\u9ad4<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb<\/h2>\n

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\"Qing

\u5927\u6e05\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e0e\u534e\u5317\u9965\u8352<\/p>

Source: Graphic Services, Indiana University<\/p><\/div>\n

\u8d22\u653f\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u662f\u9020\u6210\u6e05\u672b\u56fd\u5bb6\u65e0\u529b\u53ca\u65f6\u89e3\u9664\u5e72\u65f1\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d22\u653f\u5145\u88d5\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u80fd\u591f\u7ef4\u6301\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7cae\u4ed3\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u7cae\u98df\u901a\u5e38\u7ef4\u6301\u5728\u4e8c\u5343\u4e07\u5428\u6216\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u76f4\u81f31870\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u65f1\u707e\u88ad\u51fb\u534e\u5317\uff0c\u6e05\u671d\u7684\u56fd\u5e93\u906d\u53d7\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u60c5\u52bf\u9006\u8f6c\u3002\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u8d22\u653f\u50a8\u5907\u5f00\u59cb\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u82b1\u8d39\u5341\u4e07\u4e24\u767d\u94f6\uff0c\u6765\u538b\u52361796-1804\u5e74\u7684\u767d\u83b2\u82b1\u53db\u4e71\u3002\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u5f81\u7a0e\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u7687\u671d\u5b98\u5458\u81ea\u6e05\u521d\u76842000\u540d\u6210\u5458\u589e\u52a0\u523030,000\u540d\uff0c\u4e00\u5e74\u8981\u82b1\u8d39\u51e0\u767e\u4e07\u4e24\u767d\u94f6\u7684\u4ff8\u7984\u3002[5]<\/a> \u968f\u7740\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ea4\u66ff\uff0c\u751f\u6001\u7834\u574f\u9020\u6210\u7684\u6c34\u707e\u65e5\u76ca\u4e25\u91cd\uff0c\u7ef4\u62a4\u9ec4\u6cb3\u5824\u575d\u7684\u6210\u672c\u5927\u5e45\u589e\u52a0\u3002[6]<\/a> \u519b\u4e8b\u5bf9\u7acb\u540e\u8d54\u507f\u83b7\u80dc\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u5f3a\u56fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d44\u52a9\u6d77\u5cb8\u9632\u5fa1\u5de5\u7a0b\u4ee5\u6539\u5584\u80fd\u529b\u9a71\u9010\u6d77\u4e0a\u4fb5\u7565\u8005\uff0c\u90fd\u5e26\u6765\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u538b\u529b\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u4e5f\u8feb\u4f7f\u6e05\u671d\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u53ca\u9ad8\u5c42\u5b98\u5458\u9488\u5bf9\u5982\u4f55\u59a5\u5584\u5229\u7528\u51cf\u5c11\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u505a\u51fa\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u6289\u62e9\u3002 1856-60\u5e74\u7684\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u6e05\u671d\u6218\u8d25\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u803b\u8fb1\uff0c\u52a0\u6df1\u897f\u65b9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u800c1874\u5e74\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u53f0\u6e7e\u7684\u300c\u60e9\u7f5a\u6027\u8003\u5bdf\u300d\uff0c\u5219\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u65e5\u672c\u6709\u610f\u6311\u6218\u6e05\u671d\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u4e1c\u4e9a\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u5927\u6e05\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u897f\u5317\u8fb9\u5883\u4e5f\u906d\u53d7\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u4f0a\u5229\u8c37\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u65b0\u7586\uff0c\u5728\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u65f6\u6e05\u671d\u7687\u5e1d\u4e00\u76f4\u79ef\u6781\u52aa\u529b\u5f81\u670d\uff0c\u57281871\u5e74\u88ab\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5165\u4fb5\u548c\u5360\u9886\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6536\u590d\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u65b0\u7586\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u91c7\u53d6\u6602\u8d35\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4e0e\u9965\u8352\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u5e74\u5934\u6b63\u597d\u543b\u5408\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u534e\u5317\u707e\u6c11\u7684\u6551\u707e\u5de5\u4f5c\u66f4\u4e3a\u8270\u8f9b\u3002[7]<\/a> \u7f3a\u4e4f\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u662f\u963b\u788d\u6e05\u672b\u653f\u5e9c\u80fd\u5feb\u901f\u5e76\u6709\u6548\u5e94\u5bf9\u5e72\u65f1\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u57281876-1879\u5e74\u5927\u65f1\u707e\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u7687\u5ba4\u7279\u522b\u79ef\u5f31\u4e0d\u632f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a1895\u5e74\uff0c\u5e72\u65f1\u7684\u524d\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5149\u7eea\u7687\u5e1d\u7ee7\u627f\u738b\u4f4d\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u95ee\u9898\u3002 1870\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u5931\u53bb\u5f3a\u52bf\u7684\u7687\u5ba4\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6e05\u671d\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u6bd4\u8fc7\u53bb\u66f4\u96be\u4ee5\u5b9e\u65bd\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u652f\u51fa\u7684\u9965\u8352\u653f\u7b56\u3002[8]<\/a> \u603b\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5185\u4e71\uff0c\u5916\u4fb5\uff0c\u8d22\u653f\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7cae\u98df\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6743\u529b\u9ad8\u5c42\u7684\u8584\u5f31\u4e0e\u5206\u5316\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6e05\u671d\u653f\u5e9c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5904\u7406\u65f1\u707e\u89c4\u6a21\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e1876\u5e74\u81f31879\u5e74\u88ad\u51fb\u534e\u5317\u7684\u5927\u65f1\u707e\u3002[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"Woodblock

\u6728\u7248\u5370\u5237\uff1a\u5c1a\u672a\u88ab\u57cb\u846c\u7684\u5c38\u4f53\u88ab\u9e1f\u7c7b\u4e0e\u91ce\u517d\u541e\u566c<\/p>

Source: \u201cSi sheng gao zai tu qi,\u201d shou juan (Pictures reporting the disaster in the four provinces, opening volume), in Qi Yu Jin Zhi zhenjuan zhengxin lu (Statement of accounts for relief contributions for Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, and Zhili) (n.p., 1881), 14a. Courtesy of the Shanghai Library.<\/p><\/div>\n

\u5bf9\u7b56<\/h2>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf91876 – 1979\u5e74\u534e\u5317\u9965\u8352\u7684\u5bf9\u7b56\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u4e2d\u56fd\u5343\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9965\u8352\u6210\u56e0\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u56fd\u5171\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u8bae\u9898\u9884\u6599\u5c06\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5982\u540c\u5eb7\u96cd\u5e72\u76db\u4e16\u7684\u7956\u5148\uff0c1870\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6e05\u671d\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u548c\u5b98\u5458\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u4ec1\u6148\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u7236\u6bcd\u7684\u6a21\u6837\uff0c\u5c06\u9965\u997f\u7684\u4eba\u89c6\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e2e\u52a9\u7684\u53d7\u82e6\u5b69\u7ae5\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u85c9\u7531\u5c55\u73b0\u8bda\u610f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u6df1\u5207\u5173\u6000\uff0c\u7948\u6c42\u611f\u52a8\u4e0a\u82cd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5929\u4e0b\u96e8\u3002[10]<\/a> \u56fd\u5bb6\u8fd8\u4f9d\u9760\u5386\u53f2\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u707e\u533a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u51fa\u552e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7cae\u98df\uff0c\u4ee5\u7a33\u5b9a\u7cae\u98df\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u6216\u8005\u53d6\u6d88\u8bfe\u7a0e\uff0c\u8c03\u67e5\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u623f\u5c4b\u7684\u53d7\u707e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u505a\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u7cbe\u82f1\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5f00\u8bbe\u53a8\u623f\u4e0e\u6536\u5bb9\u6240\u3002[11]<\/a> \u8eab\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5173\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684HB\u83ab\u5c14\u65af\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa1876\u5e74\u81f31878\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u6e05\u671d\u653f\u5e9c\u7ed9\u4e88\u53d7\u65f1\u707e\u7684\u5c71\u897f\uff0c\u6cb3\u5357\uff0c\u9655\u897f\uff0c\u76f4\u96b6\u5730\u533a1800\u591a\u4e07\u4e24\u7684\u51cf\u514d\u7a0e\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc7\u300c\u56fd\u5e93\u4e00\u5e74\u603b\u6536\u5165\u7684\u4e94\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u300d\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd8\u62e8\u6b3e500\u591a\u4e07\u4e24\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u63f4\u52a9\u6551\u8352\uff0c\u5e76\u547d\u4ee4\u9965\u8352\u5730\u533a\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u7701\u4efd\u8ba9\u5e72\u65f1\u7701\u4efd\u501f\u8d37\u989d\u5916\u7684\u6551\u6d4e\u91d1\u3002[12]<\/a> \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0e\u5eb7\u96cd\u5e72\u76db\u4e16\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c1870\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u518d\u6709\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u5c06\u5927\u91cf\u7cae\u98df\u8fd0\u9001\u7ed9\u53d7\u707e\u7fa4\u4f17\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u9965\u8352\u6700\u4e3a\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u5c71\u897f\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6551\u707e\u529e\u4e8b\u5904\u5171\u53d1\u653e\u4e00\u5343\u96f6\u4e03\u5341\u4e07\u4e24\u7684\u6551\u707e\u91d1\uff0c\u4f46\u6551\u707e\u7cae\u98df\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u767e\u4e07\u77f3\u3002[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"North

\u6728\u677f\u5370\u5237\uff1a\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u53d1\u653e\u6551\u6d4e\u7269\u8d44\uff0c\u53ca\u7236\u6bcd\u6b63\u8d29\u5356\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b69\u5b50<\/p>

Source: The Graphic (London), July 6, 1878. From the collection of Pierre Fuller.<\/p><\/div>\n

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\u7ed3\u679c<\/h2>\n

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\"North

\u6728\u677f\u5370\u5237\uff1a\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e92\u98df\uff0c\u4e0e\u7626\u9aa8\u5982\u67f4\u7684\u4eba\u4eec<\/p>

Source: The Graphic (London), July 6, 1878. From the collection of Pierre Fuller.<\/p><\/div>\n

\u6b63\u5982\u739b\u4e3d\u5170\u91d1\u3001\u6731\u80e1\u3001\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u00b7\u626c\u5e93\u514b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u51ef\u745f\u7433\u00b7\u57c3\u5fb7\u987f\u5854\u666e\u5229\u5408\u7740\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u6240\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u9965\u8352\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5728\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u6c5f\u5357\u5730\u533a\u5177\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u707e\u96be\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e2d\u56fd\u6148\u5584\u5bb6\u4eec\u8d8a\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5730\u57df\uff0c\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u534e\u5317\u5730\u533a\u6328\u997f\u7684\u964c\u751f\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u571f\u751f\u571f\u957f\u6240\u5728\u7684\u7a77\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u4e3b\u529e\u7684\u6551\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u8fdb\u884c\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u65e0\u6cd5\u517b\u80b2\u4eba\u6c11\u65f6\u62c5\u8d1f\u8d77\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u804c\u8d23\u3002[18]<\/a> \u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6551\u707e\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5ef6\u8fdf\u548c\u8d2b\u4e4f\u8ba9\u6c5f\u5357\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eec\u5f3a\u70c8\u5931\u671b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f15\u8d77\u5bf9\u6e05\u671d\u5b98\u50da\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u548c\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6539\u9769\u547c\u58f0\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u5bf9\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u6551\u707e\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u70ae\u706b\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u56e0\u4e3a\u5916\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u8d76\u5230\u5317\u65b9\u7701\u4efd\u53d1\u653e\u6551\u63f4\u7269\u8d44\u800c\u9020\u6210\u7684\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u6c5f\u5357\u5546\u754c\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u754c\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6b21\u9965\u8352\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u803b\u8fb1\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9965\u8352\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5371\u673a\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u901a\u5546\u6e2f\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u6d3b\u8dc3\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5217\u6587\u68ee\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u4ece\u300c\u6587\u5316\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\u8f6c\u5411\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u57281860\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u8eab\u4efd\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u65e2\u5f3a\u8c03\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u62d2\u7edd\u4ee5\u5f80\u6784\u6210\u4e2d\u56fd\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002 \u300d[19]<\/a> \u56fd\u5916\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u3001\u6d77\u5916\u6551\u63f4\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u65b0\u8d44\u8baf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6551\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u4e0a\u6d77\u53d7\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0d\u5b89\u5730\u601d\u7d22\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u5168\u5929\u4e0b\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u300c\u4f17\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u300d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9965\u8352\u6551\u707e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u6551\u707e\u65b9\u6cd5\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u5904\u7406\u707e\u96be\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 [20]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u53f2\u5730\u6982\u89c2<\/h2>\n

\u4ec5\u7ba1\u57281870\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u9965\u8352\u53d7\u5230\u56fd\u5185\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u534e\u5317\u9965\u8352\u88ab\u4e2d\u5916\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u9057\u5fd8\u3002\u4e00\u76f4\u52301958 – 62\u5e74\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb\u9965\u8352\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u5927\u7ea6\u4e09\u5343\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u624d\u88ab\u523b\u610f\u62c9\u56de\u52301870\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u671f\u7684\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u501f\u6b64\u6de1\u5316\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5728\u517b\u80b2\u4eba\u6c11\u65b9\u9762\u5168\u7136\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u3002 1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u300c\u6e05\u672b\u9965\u8352\u300d\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u4e86\u5f53\u5730\u5c06\u534e\u5317\u9965\u8352\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u8d2a\u5a6a\u7684\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u81ea\u76f8\u6b8b\u6740\u7684\u65e7\u300c\u5c01\u5efa\u793e\u4f1a\u300d\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d2a\u8150\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u5f3a\u53d6\u8c6a\u593a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u7cbe\u82f1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5929\u707e\u5bfc\u81f4\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u9965\u997f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5bb6\u5ead\u5185\u7684\u540c\u7c7b\u4e92\u98df\u3002[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"

\u6728\u7248\u5370\u5237\uff1a \u9965\u997f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u548c\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u548c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9965\u997f\u800c\u81ea\u6740\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>

Source: The Graphic (London), July 6, 1878. From the collection of Pierre Fuller.<\/p><\/div>\n

1980\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ea7\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e1876 – 1979\u5e74\u7684\u9965\u8352\u4ea7\u751f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b83\u8eab\u4e3a\u4e3a\u5bb3\u6e05\u672b\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u5929\u707e\u4e4b\u4e00\u6765\u505a\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u534e\u5317\u9965\u8352\u539f\u672c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u662f\u4f53\u73b0\u300c\u65e7\u5c01\u5efa\u793e\u4f1a\u300d\u7684\u8d2a\u8150\u4e0e\u65e0\u60c5\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d\u540e\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u534e\u5317\u9965\u8352\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6587\u732e\u5df2\u7ecf\u8f6c\u79fb\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u662f\u68c0\u9a8c1876 – 1879\u5e74\u7684\u9965\u8352\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6e05\u672b\u707e\u96be\u662f\u5426\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\u843d\u540e\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u5173\u952e\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u662f\u665a\u6e05\u300c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u300d\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u6210\u4e3a\u7a7a\u8c08\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u590f\u660e\u82b3\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c1861-1895\u5e74\u7684\u81ea\u5f3a\u8fd0\u52a8\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u4ee5\u5f3a\u5316\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5374\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u8fde\u4e32\u4ee3\u4ef7\u6602\u8d35\u7684\u7834\u574f\u6027\u65f1\u707e\u548c\u6c34\u707e\u800c\u4e25\u91cd\u53d7\u963b\u3002\u6839\u636e\u590f\u660e\u82b3\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u707e\u96be\u8017\u5c3d\u6e05\u671d\u56fd\u5e93\uff0c\u8f6c\u79fb\u4e86\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\uff0c\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u539f\u59cb\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u7d2f\u79ef\uff0c\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002[22]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u6709\u5173\u8fd9\u573a\u9965\u8352\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u9ea6\u514b\u00b7\u6234\u7ef4\u65af\uff08Mike Davis\uff09\u5df2\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u63a8\u5411\u5168\u7403\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u548c\u65f1\u707e\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u9965\u8352\u88ad\u51fb\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u5df4\u897f\u3001\u975e\u6d32\u5357\u90e8\u548c\u57c3\u53ca\uff0c\u65e2\u662f\u5f81\u5146\u4e5f\u662f\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u5f3a\u56fd\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u524d\u6838\u5fc3\u533a\u57df\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4f26\u6566\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u7684\u9965\u997f\u5708\u3002[23]<\/a>\u6234\u7ef4\u65af\u6307\u8d23\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u548c\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5b9e\u884c\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u9965\u8352\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u3002\u6234\u7ef4\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u4e0e\u666e\u53ca\u798f\u5229\u6025\u907d\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u968f\u7740\u6e05\u671d\u653f\u5e9c\u88ab\u82f1\u56fd\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5f3a\u56fd\u5f3a\u8feb\u300c\u5f00\u653e\u300d\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\uff0c\u9965\u8352\u6551\u707e\u4e5f\u8ddf\u7740\u540c\u6b65\u8870\u9000\u3002\u6234\u7ef4\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u300c\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u300e\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u300f\u662f\u6536\u5165\u548c\u8d22\u5bcc\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u5728\u975e\u6b27\u6d32\u519c\u6c11\u6700\u521d\u878d\u5165\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65f6\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u540e\u7684\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u300d[24]<\/a> \u6700\u540e\uff0c\u53d7\u6587\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u00b7\u626c\u5e93\u514b\u548c\u51ef\u745f\u7433\u00b7\u57c3\u5fb7\u987f\u5854\u666e\u5229\u7684\u8fd1\u671f\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u8003\u5bdf\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf91876 – 1979\u5e74\uff0c\u534e\u5317\u9965\u8352\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u4e0e\u89e3\u8bfb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u626c\u5e93\u514b\u7684\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4ed6\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e0e\u6c5f\u5357\u6148\u5584\u5bb6\u5728\u9965\u8352\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u7b79\u6b3e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u300c\u7cbe\u795e\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u5bf9\u6297\u300d\uff0c\u4e0e\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u5ef6\u7eed\u81f3\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u300c\u4f5b\u6559\u590d\u5174\u300d\u76f8\u5173\u3002 [25]<\/a> \u57c3\u5fb7\u987f\u5854\u666e\uff08Edgerton-Tarpley\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u9965\u8352\u7684\u4e13\u8457\u300a\u94c1\u773c\u6cea\u300b\uff082008\uff09\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u707e\u96be\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ae0\u8282\u7814\u7a76\u95f9\u9965\u8352\u7684\u5c71\u897f\u7701\u6751\u6c11\u3001\u8d1f\u8d23\u6551\u6d4e\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u7701\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u3001 \u901a\u5546\u6e2f\u53e3\u7684\u6148\u5584\u5bb6\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u7f8e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e0e\u8bb0\u8005\u7b49\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u9965\u8352\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4e49\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u9965\u997f\u4e0b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u7ae0\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e2d\u56fd\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u6311\u9009\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u50cf\u4e0e\u6545\u4e8b\u6765\u663e\u793a\u9965\u8352\u7684\u53ef\u6015\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6765\u6e90\u7c7b\u578b<\/h4>\n

\u5173\u4e8e1876-79\u5e74\u7684\u534e\u5317\u9965\u8352\uff0c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5bb9\u6613\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5730\u65b9\u5fd7\u6216\u662f\u6587\u53f2\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u54c1\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5c71\u897f\u7701\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u4e0a\u6d77\u53ca\u82cf\u5dde\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6148\u5584\u5bb6\u6240\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u6728\u677f\u5370\u5237\u63d2\u753b\u4ee5\u53ca\u9644\u5e26\u7684\u54c0\u60bc(\u8be6\u89c1\uff1a\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684\u300a\u9f50\u8c6b\u664b\u76f4\u8d48\u6350\u8d48\u5174\u5f55\u300b)\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u800c\u4e0a\u6d77\u7533\u62a5\u5219\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u707e\u96be\u62a5\u5bfc\u3002\u5728\u7eaa\u5ff5\u9965\u8352\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u51fa\u7248\u54c1\u3001\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u6240\u641c\u96c6\u7684\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff08\u8be6\u89c1\uff1a\u300a\u7b79\u529e\u5404\u7701\u8352\u8d48\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u5149\u7eea\u671d\u4e1c\u534e\u5f55\u300b\u4e2d\u7686\u53ef\u627e\u5230\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7701\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u4e0e\u4e2d\u592e\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u6709\u7528\u7684\u9965\u8352\u82f1\u6587\u4e3b\u8981\u6587\u732e\u5305\u62ec\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u300a\u5317\u534e\u6377\u62a5\u300b\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u5197\u957f\u7684\u62a5\u5bfc\u300a\u5929\u671d\u300b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u54c1\u200b\u200b\uff0c\u5982\u300a\u4ebf\u4e07\u534e\u6c11\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u674e\u63d0\u6469\u592a\u7684\u300a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u56db\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u300b\u3002\u5728\u4e8c\u624b\u6587\u732e\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u9965\u8352\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u4e66\u7c4d\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4f55\u6c49\u5a01\u7684\u300a\u5149\u7eea\u521d\u5e74\u300b (1876-79) \u300a\u534e\u5317\u7684\u5927\u65f1\u707e\u300b(1980), \u6731\u6d52\u7684\u300a\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u6d41\u52a8\u53ca\u5176\u8d85\u8d8a\uff1a\u665a\u6e05\u4e49\u8d48\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u300b (2006), \u4ee5\u53ca\u90dd\u5e73\u7684\u300a\u4e01\u620a\u5947\u8352\uff1a\u5149\u7eea\u521d\u5e74\u5c71\u897f\u707e\u8352\u4e0e\u6551\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76\u300b(2014)\u3002 \u800c\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e66\u7c4d\u5219\u5305\u62ec\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u73bb\u5c14\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9965\u8352\u4e0e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\uff1a\u6551\u6d4e\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u6539\u9769\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\u674e\u63d0\u6469\u592a\uff0c1876-1884 (1972)\u300b\uff0c\u57c3\u5fb7\u987f\u5854\u666e\uff08Edgerton-Tarpley\uff09\u7684\u300a\u94c1\u773c\u6cea:\u4e2d\u56fd\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u9965\u8352\u7684\u6587\u5316\u53cd\u5e94\u300b\uff082008\uff09\u3002 \u590f\u660e\u82b3\uff0c\u674e\u6587\u6d77\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u00b7\u626c\u5e93\uff0c\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7\u5170\u91d1\uff0c\u674e\u8389\u5b89\u00b7\u674e\u548c\u8fc8\u514b\u00b7\u6234\u7ef4\u65af\u90fd\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u573a\u707e\u96be\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6587\u7ae0\u6216\u4e66\u7c4d\u7ae0\u8282\uff08\u89c1\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u76ee\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5ea6\u91cf<\/h4>\n

\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\uff1a\u96be\u4ee5\u4f30\u8ba1\u534e\u5317\u9965\u8352\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u3002 1879\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9965\u8352\u6551\u96be\u57fa\u91d1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u63d0\u51fa\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u4f30\u8ba1\u5c71\u897f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570550\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u76f4\u96b6250\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u6cb3\u5357\u7701100\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u5c71\u4e1c50\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u603b\u8ba1\u5171\u6709950\u4e07\u4eba\u56e0\u4e3a\u9965\u997f\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u9965\u8352\u6709\u5173\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u800c\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u5982\u6591\u75b9\u3001\u4f24\u5bd2\u4e0e\u75e2\u75be\u3002\u674e\u7acb\u83b2\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6551\u707e\u884c\u52a8\u786e\u5b9e\u62b5\u8fbe\u76f4\u96b6\u7701\u53d7\u521b\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u5357\u90e8\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u76f4\u96b6\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u4e3a250\u4e07\u53ef\u80fd\u9ad8\u4f30\u4e86\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5c71\u897f\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u9ad8\uff08\u89c1\u4e0b\u6587\uff09\uff0c\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e5f\u53d7\u65f1\u707e\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u9655\u897f\u7701\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u822c\u4f30\u8ba1\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u4e3a950-1300\u4e07\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5730\u7406\u8303\u56f4\uff1a\u5e72\u65f1\u548c\u9965\u8352\u5f71\u54cd\u5c71\u4e1c\uff0c\u76f4\u96b6\uff0c\u5c71\u897f\uff0c\u6cb3\u5357\uff0c\u9655\u897f\u7b49\u4e94\u4e2a\u5317\u90e8\u7701\u4efd\uff0c\u5360\u5730\u9762\u79ef\u7ea630\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u82f1\u91cc\u3002
\n\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u4eba\u53e3\uff1a\u95f9\u65f1\u707e\u7684\u534e\u5317\u4e94\u7701\u7ea61.08\u4ebf\u4eba\u53e3\u3002
\n\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a\u4e09\u5e74 – 1876\u5e74\u590f\u5929\u81f31879\u5e74\u590f\u5929\u3002\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u662f1877\u5e74\u81f31878\u5e74\u3002\u5e72\u65f1\u5c71\u4e1c\uff0c\u76f4\u96b6\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u63a5\u7740\u8513\u5ef6\u5230\u5c71\u897f\uff0c\u6cb3\u5357\uff0c\u9655\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u51ef\u745f\u7433\u00b7\u57c3\u5fb7\u987f\u5854\u666e\u662f\u5723\u5730\u4e9a\u54e5\u5dde\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u665a\u671f\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u526f\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/b>
\n\u7ffb\u8bd1: \u90b1\u5955\u9f50 <\/b><\/p>\n

\n

\u6ce8\u91ca<\/h4>\n

[1]<\/a> R.J. Forrest, \u201cChina Famine Relief Fund\u201d (Shanghai, 1879), 1, 9; Susan Cotts Watkins and Jane Menken, \u201cFamines in Historical Perspective,\u201d Population and Development Review<\/em> 11 (1985): 650.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Pierre-Etienne Will, Bureaucracy and Famine in Eighteenth-Century China<\/em>, trans. Elborg Forster (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990); Lillian M. Li, Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s-1990s<\/em> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007), chapter 8.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Pao Chao Hsieh, The Government of China, 1644-1911<\/em>, (Baltimore: The Johns Hpkins Press, 1925), 205-206, 214; Philip A. Kuhn, \u201cThe Taiping Rebellion,\u201d in The Cambridge History of China<\/em>, Vol. 10, 264-316.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Pierre-Etienne Will and R. Bin Wong, Nourish the People: The State Civilian Granary System in China, 1650-1850<\/em> (Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, 1991); Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World<\/em> (London: Verso, 2001).<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Will, Bureaucracy and Famine<\/em>, 290-92.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Li, Fighting Famine<\/em>, chapters 2 and 9; Will, Bureaucracy and Famine<\/em>, 292-93.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Kathryn Edgerton-Tarpley, Tears from Iron: Cultural Responses to Famine in Nineteenth-Century China <\/em>(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 28-39, 92-102. The Xinjiang campaign cost 52.3 million taels between 1875 and 1881. Xinjiang became a full-fledged Chinese province only in 1884.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Richard Horowitz, \u201cCentral Power and State-Making: The Zongli Yamen and Self-Strengthening in China, 1860-1880,\u201d (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1998), 105-106.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Mike Davis demonstrates convincingly that the cause of the severe droughts that impacted places as diverse as northern China, India, southern Africa, and northeastern Brazil in the late 1870s was a particularly powerful \u201cEl Nino event,\u201d or a rapid warming of the eastern tropical Pacific that led to the prolonged and virtually complete failure of the monsoons that normally provide rainfall for the affected areas. The grand \u201cEl Nino event\u201d of 1876-1878 disrupted the entire tropical monsoon belt, as well as the East Asian and Arabian Monsoons that provide rainfall for North China and North Africa. (Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts<\/em>).<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Jeffrey Snyder-Reinke, Dry Spells: State Rainmaking and Local Governance in Late Imperial China<\/em> (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2009), chapter 4.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Li, Fighting Famine<\/em>, chapter 8; Will, chapters 7-8; Will and Wong, chapter 3.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> H.M. Morse, The International Relations of the Chinese Empire<\/em>, vol. 2, (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1918), 312; He Hanwei. Guangxu chunian (1876-79)<\/em> Huabei de da hanzai<\/em> (The great Huabei region drought disaster of the early Guangxu period) (Hong Kong: Zhongwen daxue chuban she, 1980), ch. 4.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Shanxi tongzhi<\/em>, j. 82, 18b-19a. The gazetteer states that 3,402,833 people in Shanxi received relief between 1877 and 1879 and that a total of 10,700,315 taels of relief silver and 1,001,657 shi <\/em>of relief grain were distributed in the province.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Paul Richard Bohr, Famine in China and the Missionary: Timothy Richard as Relief Administrator and Advocate of National Reform, 1876-1884<\/em> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972), 89-90.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Bohr 1972: 187-189, 113-114.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Mary Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China: Zhejiang Province, 1865-1911<\/em> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986), 142-147.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Kathryn Edgerton-Tarpley,\u201cTough Choices: Grappling with Famine in Qing China, the British Empire, and Beyond.\u201d Journal of World History<\/em> Vol. 24, No. 1 (March 2013): 166-169.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Rankin, Elite Activism, chapter 4; Zhu Hu, Difangxing liudong ji qi chaoyue: wan Qing yizhen yu jindai Zhongguo de xinchen daixie<\/em> (The fluidity and transcendence of localism: Late-Qing charitable relief and the supersession of the old by the new in modern China) (Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe, 2006); Edgerton-Tarpley, Tears from Iron<\/em>, chapter 6; Andrea Janku, \u201cThe North-China Famine of 1876-1879: Performance and Impact of a Non-Event,\u201d 2001 online publication.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Henrietta Harrison,\u201cNewspapers and Nationalism in Rural China, 1890-1929,\u201d Past and Present<\/em> 166 (1999): 182.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Edgerton-Tarpley, Tears from Iron<\/em>, chapter 8.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Edgerton-Tarpley, Tears from Iron<\/em>, chapter 9.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Xia Mingfang, \u201cCong Qingmo zaihai qun faqi kan Zhongguo zaoqi xiandaihua de lishi tiaojian: zaihuang yu Yangwu Yundong yanjiu zhi yi,\u201d (Looking at the historical conditions for China\u2019s early modernization from the rise of late-Qing disasters: Part I of research on disasters and the Westernization Movement) Qingshi yanjiu <\/em>(January 1998): 70. See also Xia Mingfang, \u201cZhongguo zaoqi gongyehua jieduan yuanshi jilei guocheng de zaihai shi fenxi\u201d (An analysis of the impact of natural disasters on primitive accumulation during the early stages of industrialization in China), Qingshi yanjiu<\/em> 1 (1999): 62-81.<\/p>\n

[243<\/a> Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts<\/em>, 291.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Davis, 9; 15-16; chapter 11.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> Andrea Janku, \u201cSowing Happiness: Spiritual Competition in Famine Relief Activities in Late Nineteenth-Century China.\u201d Minsu Quyi<\/em> 143 (March 2004): 89-118.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u539f\u4ef6\u8d44\u6599<\/h4>\n

British Parliamentary Papers. \u201cReport on the Famine in the Northern Provinces of China.\u201d Irish University Press Area Studies Series. China, 42.2 (1878): 119-150.<\/p>\n

Celestial Empire: A Journal of Native and Foreign Affairs in the Far East<\/em>. Shanghai, 1876-1880.<\/p>\n

China\u2019s Millions. China Inland Mission. London, 1877-1881<\/em>. Includes Report of R.J. Forrest (1879) and Report of Walter C. Hillier (1880).<\/p>\n

\u201cChouban ge sheng huangzheng an\u201d (Proposals for preparing famine relief policies for each province). In Guojia tushuguan cang Qingdai guben neige liubu dangan<\/em>, compiled by Sun Xuelei and Liu Jiaping. Beijing: Quanguo tushuguan wenxian suowei fuzhi zhongxin, 2003, 38: 18455-963.<\/p>\n

\u201cChouban ge sheng huangzheng an chaodang mulu\u201d (Catalogue of proposals for preparing famine relief policies for each province). In Guojia tushuguan cang Qingdai guben neige liubu dangan<\/em>, compiled by Sun Xuelei and Liu Jiaping. Beijing: Quanguo tushuguan wenxian suowei fuzhi zhongxin, 2003, 37: 18375-413.<\/p>\n

Chronicle of the London Missionary Society for the year 1878<\/em>. (London, 1878).<\/p>\n

Committee of the China Famine Relief Fund. The Famine in China: Illustrations by a Native Artist with a Translation of the Chinese Text<\/em>. Translated by James Legge. London: C. Kegan Paul & Co., 1878.<\/p>\n

Dezong shilu (Veritable records of the Guangxu emperor), part 2. In Qing shilu<\/em> (Veritable records of the Qing), vol. 53. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1987.<\/p>\n

Forrest, R.J. \u201cReport of R.J. Forrest, Esq., H.B.M. Consul at Tien-tsin, and Chairman of the Famine Relief Committee at Tien-tsin.\u201d In China\u2019s Millions<\/em> (November, 1879): 134-139.<\/p>\n

Gordon, C.A. An Epitome of the Reports of the Medical Officers to the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service from 1871 to 1882<\/em>. London: Bailliere, Tindall, and Cox, 1884.<\/p>\n

Guangxu chao Donghualu<\/em> (Guangxu reign period [1875-1908] records from the Eastern Gate), 5 vols. Zhu Shoupeng, comp., 1909. Reprint, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju chubanshe, 1958.<\/p>\n

Hejian xianzhi<\/em> (Gazetteer of Hejian county). 1880.<\/p>\n

Hill, David. Papers and Letters. Methodist Missionary Society collection. School of Oriental and African Studies Library Archives and Manuscripts, London.<\/p>\n

Hillier, Walter C. \u201cReport of Walter Hillier, Esq., H.M.B Consular Service,\u201d submitted to the chairman of the China Famine Relief Committee in Shanghai. In North China Herald and Supreme Court and Consular Gazette<\/em>, 15 April 1879. The Hillier report was also published in full in China\u2019s Millions (1880), 4-8, 20-24.<\/p>\n

Hongtong xianzhi<\/em> (Gazetteer of Hongtong county). 1917. Reprint, Zhongguo fangzhi congshu 79. Taibei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1968.<\/p>\n

Jing Yuanshan. Juyi chuji<\/em> (Dwelling in leisure, first collection). 3 vols. Shanghai, 1902.<\/p>\n

Legge, James, trans. The Famine in China: Illustrations by a Native Artist with a Translation of the Chinese Text<\/em>. London: Kegan Paul & Co., 1879.<\/p>\n

Liang Peicai (Qing). \u201cShanxi miliang wen\u201d [A Shanxi essay on grain], in Guangxu sannian nian jinglu<\/em>. Taiyuan: Shanxi sheng remin weiyuan hui bangong ting, 1961.<\/p>\n

Linfen xianzhi<\/em> (Gazetteer of Linfen county). 1933. Reprint, Zhongguo fangzhi
\ncongshu 415. Taibei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1968.<\/p>\n

Linjin xianzhi<\/em> (Gazetteer of Linjin county). 1923. Reprint, Zhongguo fangzhi congshu<\/em> 420. Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1976.<\/p>\n

Liu Xing (Qing). \u201cHuangnian ge\u201d (Song of the famine years). 1897. Edited version published in Yuncheng zaiyi lu<\/em> (Record of disasters in Yuncheng), compiled and edited by Zhang Bowen and Wang Mancang, 105-114. Yuncheng: Yuncheng shizhi ban, 1986. Unedited manuscript copy owned by Mr. Nan Xianghai.<\/p>\n

Min Erchang (comp.), Beizhuan jibu<\/em> [Supplementary collection of stele biographies], 1923, in reprint, Qingdai zhuanji congkan<\/em> 123. Taibei: 1985.<\/p>\n

Missionary Herald, The<\/em>. Baptist Missionary Society, 1876-1881. London.<\/p>\n

North China Herald and Supreme Court and Consular Gazette<\/em>. Shanghai, 1876-1879.<\/p>\n

Peking Gazette<\/em> (Jingbao<\/em>). Excerpts translated by the North China Herald<\/em>, and excerpts reprinted in the Shenbao<\/em>. Shanghai, 1876-1880.<\/p>\n

Pinglu xian xuzhi<\/em> (A continuation of the gazetteer of Pinglu county). 1932. Reprint, Zhongguo fangzhi congshu 426. Taibei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1968.<\/p>\n

Pingyao xianzhi<\/em> (Gazetteer of Pingyao county). 1883.<\/p>\n

Qi Yu Jin Zhi zhenjuan zhengxin lu<\/em> (Statement of accounts for relief contributions for Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, and Zhili), n.p., 1881.<\/p>\n

Qing Guangxu chouban gesheng huangzheng dang\u2019an<\/em> (Guangxu-period famine relief policy archives for each province). Compiled by Chen Zhanqi. Beijing: Quanguo tushuguan wenxian suowei zhongxin, 2008.<\/p>\n

\u201cReport on the Famine in the Northern Provinces of China.\u201d In Irish University Press Area Studies Series British Parliamentary Papers. China, 42.2 (1878): 1-19.<\/p>\n

Richard, Timothy. Forty-five Years in China: Reminiscences<\/em>. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1916.<\/p>\n

Shanxi tongzhi<\/em> (Gazetteer of Shanxi Province). Compiled by Zeng Guoquan and Wang Xuan. 1892.<\/p>\n

\u201cSi sheng gao zai tu qi,\u201d shou juan (Pictures reporting the disaster in the four provinces, opening volume). In Qi Yu Jin Zhi zhenjuan zhengxin lu<\/em> (Statement of accounts for relief contributions for Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, and Zhili). n.p., 1881.<\/p>\n

Shenbao<\/em> (The Shenbao Daily News<\/em>). Shanghai, 1876-1881.<\/p>\n

Sun Anbang, comp. Qing shilu: Shanxi ziliao huibian<\/em> (Veritable Records of the Qing Dynasty: A compilation of materials regarding Shanxi). 3 vols. Taiyuan: Shanxi guji chubanshe, 1996.<\/p>\n

Wang Xilun, Yiqingtang wenji<\/em> (1912).<\/p>\n

Wanrong xianzhi<\/em> (Gazetteer of Wanrong county). Beijing: Haichao chubanshe, 1995.<\/p>\n

Wu Jun. Collection of rubbings of stele inscriptions from the Yuncheng area, held in the Yuncheng shi Hedong bowuguan (Yuncheng City Hedong Museum). Yuncheng, Shanxi.<\/p>\n

Xia xianzhi<\/em> (Gazetteer of Xia county). 1880.<\/p>\n

Xie xianzhi<\/em> (Gazetteer of Xie county). 1920. Reprint, Zhongguo fangzhi congshu 84. Taibei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1968.<\/p>\n

Xiezhou Ruicheng xianzhi<\/em> (Gazetteer of Xie department, Ruicheng county). 1880.<\/p>\n

Xu Yishi xianzhi<\/em> (A continuation of the gazetteer of Yishi county). 1880.<\/p>\n

Xuxiu Jiangzhou zhi<\/em> (A continued and revised gazetteer of Jiang department). 1879.<\/p>\n

Xuxiu Jishan xianzhi<\/em> (A continued and revised gazetteer of Jishan county). 1885.<\/p>\n

Xuxiu Linjin xianzhi<\/em> (A continued and revised gazetteer of Linjin county). 1880.<\/p>\n

Xuxiu Quwo xianzhi<\/em> (A continued and revised gazetteer of Quwo county). 1880.<\/p>\n

Xuxiu Xizhou zhi<\/em> (A continued and revised gazetteer of Xi department). 1898. Reprint, Zhongguo fangzhi congshu<\/em> 428. Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1976.<\/p>\n

Yicheng xianzhi<\/em> (Gazetteer of Yicheng county). 1929. Reprint, Zhongguo fangzhi congshu<\/em> 417. Taibei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1968.<\/p>\n

Yonghe xianzhi<\/em> (Gazetteer of Yonghe county). 1931. Reprint, Zhongguo fangzhi congshu<\/em> 88. Taibei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1968.<\/p>\n

Yongji xianzhi<\/em> (Gazetteer of Yongji county). 1886.<\/p>\n

Zeng Guoquan. Zeng Zhongxiang gong<\/em> (Guoquan) shuzha<\/em> (Zeng Guoquan\u2019s correspondence). Compiled by Xiao Rongjue, 1903.<\/p>\n

_____. Zeng Zhongxiang gong<\/em> (Guoquan) zouyi<\/em> (Zeng Guoquan\u2019s memorials). Compiled by Xiao Rongjue, 1903. Reprinted in Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan<\/em> (Modern Chinese Historical Materials) 44, edited by Shen Yunlong. Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1969.<\/p>\n

Zheng Guanying. Jiuhuang fubao<\/em> (Good fortune received as recompense for famine relief). 1878. Reprint, 1935.<\/p>\n

______. Zheng Guanying ji<\/em>, (Collected works of Zheng Guanying), 2 vols. Edited by Xia Dongyuan. Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1982.<\/p>\n

\u5a92\u4f53<\/h4>\n

Pingyao County Historical Relics Bureau, \u201cXian Taiye Bai Chenghuang: Xiju Xiaopin\u201d (The county magistrate pays respects to the City God: A short drama), unpublished manuscript, 2001.<\/p>\n

\u4e66\u76ee<\/h4>\n

Barber, W.T.A. David Hill: Missionary and Saint<\/em>. London: Charles H. Kelly, 1898.<\/p>\n

Bohr, Paul Richard. Famine in China and the Missionary: Timothy Richard as Relief Administrator and Advocate of National Reform, 1876-1884<\/em>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972.<\/p>\n

Chai Jiguang. \u201cXuelei banban shi leshi zhu houren: Du Guangxu sannian zaiqing beiwen zhaji\u201d (Blood-tears affairs carved into stone to exhort later people: Commentary on reading stele inscriptions concerning disaster conditions in Guangxu 3). Hedong shike yanjiu<\/em> (Hedong stone stele research), first issue (1994): 33-37.<\/p>\n

Chen Yongqin. \u201cWan Qing Qingliu pai de xumin sixiang\u201d (The late-Qing Qingliu group\u2019sideology of relieving the people). Lishi dangan<\/em> 2 (2003): 105-112.<\/p>\n

Cohen, Paul. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth<\/em>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.<\/p>\n

Davis, Mike. Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World<\/em>. London: Verso, 2001.<\/p>\n

Deng Yunte. Zhongguo jiuhuang shi<\/em> (The history of famine relief in China). Taipei: Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan gufen youxian gongsi, 1970.<\/p>\n

Dunstan, Helen. Conflicting Counsels to Confuse the Age: A Documentary Study of Political Economy in Qing China, 1644-1840<\/em>. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, 1996.<\/p>\n

Eastman, Lloyd. \u201cCh\u2019ing-I and Chinese Policy Formation during the Nineteenth Century.\u201d Journal of Asian Studies<\/em> 24.4 (August 1965): 595-611.<\/p>\n

Edgerton-Tarpley, Kathryn. \u201cChinese Responses to Disaster: A View from the Qing,\u201d originally appeared on the China Beat blog (5\/19\/2008), reprinted in Kate Merkel-Hess, Kenneth L. Pomeranz, and Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, eds., China in 2008: A Year of Great Significance<\/em>. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Press, 2009, pp. 101-104.<\/p>\n

______. \u201cFamily and Gender in Famine: Cultural Responses to Disaster in North China, 1876-1879,\u201d Journal of Women\u2019s History<\/em> (Vol. 16, No. 4, 2004), pp. 119-147.<\/p>\n

______. \u201cFrom \u2018Nourish the People\u2019 to \u2018Sacrifice for the Nation\u2019: Changing Responses to Disaster in Late Imperial and Modern China.\u201d The Journal of Asian Studies<\/em> Vol. 73, No. 2 (May 2014): 447-469.<\/p>\n

______. \u201c\u2018Governance with Government:\u2019 Non-State Responses to the North China Famine of 1876-1879,\u201d Chinese History and Society\/Berliner China-Hefte<\/em> (Vol. 35, 2009): 33-47.<\/p>\n

______. \u201cPictures to Draw Tears from Iron: Depicting Disaster and Raising Relief Funds during the North China Famine of 1876-1879,\u201d unit for Visualizing Cultures project, MIT. Published on MIT OpenCourseWare (visualizingcultures.mit.edu), spring 2011.<\/p>\n

______. Tears from Iron: Cultural Responses to Famine in Nineteenth-Century China<\/em>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008. Chinese edition: \u94c1\u6cea\u56fe: 19 \u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9965\u9991\u7684\u6587\u5316\u53cd\u5e94, translated by Cao Xi \u66f9\u66e6. Nanjing: Jiangsu People\u2019s Publishing House, 2011.<\/p>\n

______. \u201cThe \u2018Feminization of Famine,\u2019 The Feminization of Nationalism: Famine and Social Activism in Treaty-port Shanghai, 1876-1879,\u201d Social History<\/em>, (Vol. 30, No. 4, November 2005), pp. 421-443.<\/p>\n

______. \u201cThe Semiotics of Starvation in Late-Qing China: Cultural Responses to the \u201cIncredible Famine\u201d of 1876-1879.\u201d Ph.D. Diss., Indiana University, 2002.<\/p>\n

______. \u201cTough Choices: Grappling with Famine in Qing China, the British Empire, and Beyond.\u201d Journal of World History<\/em> Vol. 24, No. 1 (March 2013): 135-176.<\/p>\n

______. \u201cWanQing Zhongguo de zaihuang yu yishi xingtai \u2013 1876-1879 nian \u2018Dingwu qihuang\u2019 qijian guanyu zaihuang chengyin he fanghai wenti de duilixing chanshi (Famine and ideology in Late-Qing China: Contending interpretations of famine causation and prevention during the \u2018Incredible Famine\u2019 of 1876-1879,\u201d) in Li Wenhai and Xia Mingfang, eds., Tian you xiongnian: Qingdai zaihuang yu Zhongguo shehui<\/em> (Years of Disaster: Natural Calamities and Chinese Society during the Qing Dynasty). Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 2007, pp. 509-537.<\/p>\n

Elvin, Mark. \u201cWho Was Responsible for the Weather? Moral Meteorology in Late Imperial China.\u201d Osiris<\/em> 12 (1998): 213-237.<\/p>\n

Feng Jinniu. \u201cSheng Xuanhuai dang\u2019an zhong de Zhongguo jindai zaizhen shiliao\u201d (The Sheng Xuanhuai Archives: Modern China\u2019s disaster relief materials). Qingshi Yanjiu<\/em> 3 (2000): 94-100.<\/p>\n

Grady, Lolan Wang. \u201cThe Career of I-Hsin, Prince Kung, 1858-1880: A Case-Study of the Limits of Reform in the Late Ch\u2019ing.\u201d PhD diss., University of Toronto, 1980.<\/p>\n

Guangxu sannian nianjing lu<\/em> (Annual record of the third year of the Guangxu reign). Taiyuan: Shanxi sheng remin weiyuanhui bangong ting, 1961.<\/p>\n

Guangxu sannian nianjing lu, xubian<\/em> (Annual record of the third year of the Guangxu reign, continuation). Taiyuan: Shanxi sheng renmin weiyuanhui bangong ting, 1962.<\/p>\n

Hao Ping. Dingwu Qihuang: Guangxu chunian Shanxi zaihuang yu jiuji yanjiu<\/em> (The Incredible Famine of 1877-78: Research on the early Guangxu-period Shanxi famine and famine relief). Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2012.<\/p>\n

Harrison, Henrietta. The Man Awakened from Dreams: One Man\u2019s Life in a North China Village, 1857-1942<\/em>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005.<\/p>\n

______. The Missionary\u2019s Curse and Other Tales from a Chinese Catholic Village<\/em>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013.<\/p>\n

______. \u201cNewspapers and Nationalism in Rural China, 1890-1929.\u201d Past and Present<\/em> 166 (1999): 181-204.<\/p>\n

He Hanwei. Guangxu chunian (1876-79) Huabei de da hanzai<\/em> (The great Huabei region drought disaster of the early Guangxu period). Hong Kong: Zhongwen daxue chuban she, 1980.<\/p>\n

Horowitz, Richard. \u201cCentral Power and State-Making: The Zongli Yamen and Self-Strengthening in China, 1860-1880.\u201d Ph. D. diss., Harvard University, 1998.<\/p>\n

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______. \u201cSowing Happiness: Spiritual Competition in Famine Relief Activities in Late Nineteenth-Century China.\u201d Minsu Quyi<\/em> 143 (March 2004): 89-118.<\/p>\n

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